J. Mater. Sci. Technol. ›› 2021, Vol. 75: 225-251.DOI: 10.1016/j.jmst.2020.09.017
• Invited Review • Previous Articles Next Articles
Lin Tanga, Junliang Zhanga,c,*(
), Yusheng Tanga, Jie Konga, Tianxi Liub, Junwei Gua,*()
Received:2020-08-12
Revised:2020-09-10
Accepted:2020-09-19
Published:2020-10-21
Online:2020-10-21
Contact:
Junliang Zhang,Junwei Gu
About author:gjw@nwpu.edu.cn, nwpugjw@163.com (J. Gu).Lin Tang, Junliang Zhang, Yusheng Tang, Jie Kong, Tianxi Liu, Junwei Gu. Polymer matrix wave-transparent composites: A review[J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2021, 75: 225-251.
Fig. 1. Brief introduction of the polymer matrix wave-transparent composites and their typical applications.
Fig. 2. Schematic diagram of key composition for polymer matrix wave-transparent composites.
Fig. 3. Schematic diagram of electromagnetic wave transmission for polymer matrix wave-transparent composites.
Fig. 4. Schematic diagram of dielectric polarization: electron polarization (a), atom polarization (b), orientation polarization (c), and interfacial polarization (d).
Fig. 5. Schematic diagram of electromagnetic wave transmission at the interface of polymer matrix wave-transparent composites.
| Polymer matrix | Density (g/cm3) | Flexural strength (MPa) | Flexural modulus (GPa) | ε | tanδ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Epoxy resin (EP) | 1.30 | 97 | 3.8 | 3.7-4.1 | 0.018-0.020 |
| Phenolic resin (PF) | 1.30 | 92 | 3.5 | 6.5-8.3 | 0.015-0.030 |
| Polyimide (PI) | 1.40 | 170 | 3.8 | 3.1-3.5 | 0.005-0.012 |
| Bismaleimide (BMI) | 1.30 | 150 | 3.7 | 3.1-3.5 | 0.005-0.020 |
| Cyanate ester resin (CE) | 1.17 | 80 | 2.8 | 2.8-3.2 | 0.002-0.008 |
| Unsaturated polyester resin (UP) | 1.29 | 85 | 3.2 | 2.8-4.0 | 0.006-0.026 |
| Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) | 2.20 | 90 | - | 2.1-2.3 | 0.0003-0.0004 |
| Silicone resin | - | 85 | - | 3.0-5.0 | 0.003-0.050 |
Table 1 Main properties of the common polymer matrix.
| Polymer matrix | Density (g/cm3) | Flexural strength (MPa) | Flexural modulus (GPa) | ε | tanδ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Epoxy resin (EP) | 1.30 | 97 | 3.8 | 3.7-4.1 | 0.018-0.020 |
| Phenolic resin (PF) | 1.30 | 92 | 3.5 | 6.5-8.3 | 0.015-0.030 |
| Polyimide (PI) | 1.40 | 170 | 3.8 | 3.1-3.5 | 0.005-0.012 |
| Bismaleimide (BMI) | 1.30 | 150 | 3.7 | 3.1-3.5 | 0.005-0.020 |
| Cyanate ester resin (CE) | 1.17 | 80 | 2.8 | 2.8-3.2 | 0.002-0.008 |
| Unsaturated polyester resin (UP) | 1.29 | 85 | 3.2 | 2.8-4.0 | 0.006-0.026 |
| Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) | 2.20 | 90 | - | 2.1-2.3 | 0.0003-0.0004 |
| Silicone resin | - | 85 | - | 3.0-5.0 | 0.003-0.050 |
Fig. 6. Schematic diagram of preparation of AEAF-co-BADCy resins. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [106]. Copyright (2020) Elsevier Ltd.
Fig. 7. Schematic diagram of electromagnetic wave transmission mechanism for FPBO-co-BADCy resins. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [110]. Copyright (2019) Elsevier Ltd.
| Fibers | Properties | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Density (g cm-3) | Tensile strength (GPa) | Modulus (GPa) | ε (1 MHz) | tanδ (1 MHz) | |
| E-glass fibers | 2.54 | 3.75 | 72 | 6.13 | 0.0038 |
| S-glass fibers | 2.49 | 4.00 | 85 | 5.21 | 0.0068 |
| D-glass fibers | 2.60 | 2.40 | 52 | 4.00 | 0.0025 |
| Quartz fibers | 2.20 | 1.70 | 72 | 3.78 | 0.0002 |
| Basalt fibers | 2.80 | 3.50 | 80 | 2.63 | 0.0050 |
| Kevlar 49 fibers | 1.45 | 3.45 | 137 | 3.85 | 0.0010 |
| UHMPE fibers | 0.97 | 5.01 | 193 | 3.00 | 0.0001 |
| PBO fibers | 1.56 | 5.80 | 280 | 3.00 | 0.0010 |
Table 2 Physical and chemical properties of common reinforced fibers.
| Fibers | Properties | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Density (g cm-3) | Tensile strength (GPa) | Modulus (GPa) | ε (1 MHz) | tanδ (1 MHz) | |
| E-glass fibers | 2.54 | 3.75 | 72 | 6.13 | 0.0038 |
| S-glass fibers | 2.49 | 4.00 | 85 | 5.21 | 0.0068 |
| D-glass fibers | 2.60 | 2.40 | 52 | 4.00 | 0.0025 |
| Quartz fibers | 2.20 | 1.70 | 72 | 3.78 | 0.0002 |
| Basalt fibers | 2.80 | 3.50 | 80 | 2.63 | 0.0050 |
| Kevlar 49 fibers | 1.45 | 3.45 | 137 | 3.85 | 0.0010 |
| UHMPE fibers | 0.97 | 5.01 | 193 | 3.00 | 0.0001 |
| PBO fibers | 1.56 | 5.80 | 280 | 3.00 | 0.0010 |
Fig. 8. Schematic diagram of interfacial defects for polymer matrix wave-transparent composites.
Fig. 9. Schematic diagram of acid etching process on S-GFs (a). Reprinted with permission from Ref. [149]. Copyright (2019) American Chemical Society; Schematic diagram of preparation for PMMA-GFs and their SEM images (b). Reprinted with permission from Ref. [158]. Copyright (2010) Wiley‐vch Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim; Schematic diagram of preparation for CNC coated GFs and their SEM images (c). Reprinted with permission from Ref. [160].
Fig. 10. Schematic diagram of the wetting morphology on the VA-CNT modified quartz fibers fabric surface (a). Reprinted with permission from Ref. [170]. Copyright (2019) Elsevier Ltd. Schematic diagram for the preparation of Polyacrylamide/epoxy/nano-SiO2 coated basalt fibers (b). Reprinted with permission from Ref. [179]. Copyright (2018) American Chemical Society.
Fig. 11. Schematic diagram for deposition method of MWCNTs onto Kevlar fibers (a). Reprinted with permission from Ref. [196]. Copyright (2016) Elsevier B.V. Schematic diagram for preparation of Kevlar fibers through LBL self-assembly process (b). Reprinted with permission from Ref. [197]. Copyright (2017) Elsevier B.V. Schematic diagram for combining method of dopamine/POSS (DA/POSS) to functionalize the surface of Kevlar (f-Kevlar) fibers (c). Reprinted with permission from Ref. [200]. Copyright (2019) Elsevier Ltd.
Fig. 12. Scheme diagram of surface functionalization of UHMWPE fibers with TA (a). Reprinted with permission from Ref. [204]. Copyright (2020) Society of Plastics Engineers. Schematic demonstration of the preparation process for PTFs (b). Reprinted with permission from Ref. [216]. Copyright (2018) American Chemical Society.
Fig. 13. Schematic diagram of the fabrication process of functionalized PBO (f-PBO) fibers lysozyme and epoxy-based POSS (a). Reprinted with permission from Ref. [221]. Copyright (2018) The Royal Society of Chemistry. Schematic diagram of PDA/KH-560 functionalized PBO fibers (b). Reprinted with permission from Ref. [223]. Copyright (2018) Elsevier Ltd.
Fig. 14. Schematic diagram of functionalization of PBO fibers by coating random copolymer membrane. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [224]. Copyright (2020) Elsevier Ltd.
Fig. 15. Schematic diagram of testing device for perturbation methods: rectangular perturbation cavity (a); cylindrical perturbation cavity (b).
Fig. 16. Schematic diagram of testing principle for high Q cavity method.
Fig. 17. Schematic diagram of testing principle for quasi-optical cavity method: symmetrical structure (a) and hemihedrism structure (b).
Fig. 18. Schematic diagram for the measurement of dielectric properties with waveguide transmission method.
Fig. 19. Schematic diagram of measurement by free space method.
Fig. 20. Patriot air defense missile (PAC-3) (a) and Aspie air-to-air missile (b).
Fig. 21. D331 5 G base station radome (a), and 140 ground communication radome (a’); “Xue Long” shipboard radome (b), and 120 shipboard radome (b’).
Fig. 22. Schematic diagram of signal transmission for PCB in electronic equipments.
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