Fabrication of carbonized spent coffee grounds/graphene nanoplates/cyanate ester composites for superior and highly absorbed electromagnetic interference shielding performance

doi:10.1016/j.jmst.2021.05.082

Abstract

Abstract:

The conductive polymer composites (CPCs) with highly efficient electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding effectiveness (SE) are always accompanied with excessive reflectivity, which would cause serious secondary EMI pollution. In this regard, the significant reduction of EMI reflection of CPCs to alleviate secondary pollution is deemed to be very important. Herein, a promising cyanate ester (CE) based composite was successfully fabricated by compounding carbonized spent coffee grounds (C-SCG) and graphene nanosheets (GNSs) via a facile solution blending followed by a hot-pressing method. Benefiting from the porous structure of C-SCG and the layered structure of GNSs, a three-dimensional (3D) multi-interface conductive network in the CE was easily constructed. The EMI SE of the resultant 9 wt% C-SCG/CE composite (C9) is 15.38 dB and dramatically enhanced to 31.09 dB with the presence of 3 wt% GNSs. The remarkable enhancement is mainly attributed to the formation of the efficient conductive pathways as well as the well-dispersion of the incorporated fillers. Meanwhile, the absorption-dominated shielding mechanism in the prepared composites gets benefit from the synergistic effect of porous C-SCG and lamellar GNSs, which effectively captures and attenuates electromagnetic waves. These encouraging findings extend the practical applications of porous biocarbon materials in EMI shielding field.

Key words: Carbonized spent coffee grounds, Graphene nanosheets, Electromagnetic interference shielding, Low reflection

Zhengzheng Guo, Penggang Ren, Zengping Zhang, Zhong Dai, Zhenxia Lu, Yanling Jin, Fang Ren. Fabrication of carbonized spent coffee grounds/graphene nanoplates/cyanate ester composites for superior and highly absorbed electromagnetic interference shielding performance[J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2022, 102: 123-131.

Figures/Tables 9

Fig. 1. Schematic illustration for the preparation of GNSs/C-SCG/CE composites.

Table 1 Composition of the fabricated GNSs/C-SCG/CE composites.

Sample name	GNSs (wt%)	C-SCG (wt%)	EP/CE (wt%)
C3	0	3.0	97.0
C6	0	6.0	94.0
C9	0	9.0	91.0
G3C0	3	0	97.0
G3C3	3	3.0	94.0
C3C6	3	6.0	91.0
G3C9	3	9.0	88.0

Fig. 2. (a) FTIR, (b) XRD and (c) Raman spectra of GNSs and C-SCG; (d) nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms and pore size distribution curves of C-SCG.

Fig. 3. (a-d) SEM images of C-SCG, (e) SEM and (f) TEM images of GNSs.

Fig. 4. SEM images of (a, b) C9, (c, d) G3 and (e, f) G3C9.

Fig. 5. (a) Electrical conductivity of the prepared composites as a function of C-SCG loading. (b) Digital images of different brightness of LED connected with the prepared composites.

Fig. 6. (a) SET, (b) SEA and SER of the prepared C-SCG/CE and GNSs/C-SCG/CE composites with various C-SCG loadings at X-band range. (c) Comparison of SET, SEA and SER at the fixed frequency of 9.06 GHz. (d) Power coefficient and (e) absorption efficiency of all prepared composites. (f) Comparison on EMI SE and the SEA/SET ratio for GxCy composites and previously reported EMI shielding composites in literature. (g) Schematic illustration of the EMW transfers across the GNSs/C-SCG/CE composites.

Table 2 Comparison of EMI shielding performance for our prepared composites with other materials reported in recent years.

Composites	Filler loading	SE_T (dB)	SE_A (dB)	SE_R (dB)	SE_A/SE_T	Ref.
GNSs/C-SCG/CE	GNSs: 3 wt%+C-SCG: 9 wt%	31.09	27.62	3.47	88.8%	This work
GNSs/C-SCG/CE	GNSs: 3 wt%+C-SCG: 6 wt%	23.93	19.84	4.09	82.9%	This work
GNSs/C-SCG/CE	GNSs: 3 wt%+C-SCG: 3 wt%	19.99	16.06	3.93	80.3%	This work
Graphene foam	-	23	15	8	65.2%	[6]
rGO-Fe₃O₄/PC/PVDF	3 wt%	21	12.6	8.4	60%	[12]
GNSs/CLF/PEEK	GNSs: 2.5 wt%+CLF: 9 wt%	28.5	23.5	5	82.5%	[15]
Graphene foam	-	23	16	7	69.6%	[56]
AgNWs/CNF	12.8 vol.%	30.2	22.1	8.1	73.2%	[57]
CNT:Ni/PE	CNT: 3 wt%+Ni: 10 vol.%	27	13.5	13.5	50%	[58]
CNT/PC	10 wt%	27	21.5	5.5	79.6%	[59]
CNT/PC	5 wt%	24.8	19.9	4.9	80.2%	[60]
CNT:GO-MDA/PVDF	CNT: 3 wt%+GO: 10 wt%	22	13	9	59.1%	[61]

Fig. 7. (a) EMI SE as a function of frequency for G3C9 with various thicknesses; (b) SET, SEA and SER as a function of shielding thickness at 9.06 GHz.

References 61

[1]	J.T. Li, G.C. Zhang, X. Fan, Q. Gao, H.M. Zhang, J.B. Qin, X.T. Shi, X.M. Fang, Appl. Surf. Sci. 552 (2021) 149232.
[2]	L. Wang, X.T. Shi, J.L. Zhang, Y.L. Zhang, J.W. Gu, J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 52 (2020) 119-126. DOI
[3]	M. Sang, G.H. Liu, S. Liu, Y.X. Wu, S.H. Xuan, S. Wang, S.Y. Xuan, W.Q. Jiang, X.L. Gong, Chem. Eng. J. 414 (2021) 128883.
[4]	M.N. Qu, X. Yang, L. Peng, L.L. Liu, Y. Chen, Z. Zhao, X.R. Liu, T.J. Zhang, J.M. He, Carbon 174 (2021) 110-122. DOI URL
[5]	C.T. Lan, L.H. Zou, N. Wang, Y.P. Qiu, Y. Ma, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 590 (2021) 467-475. DOI URL
[6]	P. Song, B. Liu, C.B. Liang, K.P. Ruan, H. Qiu, Z.L. Ma, Y.Q. Guo, J.W. Gu, Nano-Mi-cro Lett 13 (2021) 91.
[7]	X.T. Yang, S.G. Fan, Y. Li, Y.G.Li Y.Q.Guo, K.P. Ruan, S.M. Zhang, J.L. Zhang, J. Kong, J.W. Gu, Compos. Pt. A-Appl. Sci. Manuf. 128 (2020) 105670.
[8]	B.B Sun, S.J. Sun, P. He, H.Y. Mi, B.B. Dong, C.T. Liu, C.Y. Shen, Chem. Eng. J. 416 (2021) 129083.
[9]	W.C. Yu, T. Wang, Y.H. Liu, Z.G. Wang, L. Xu, J.H. Tang, K. Dai, H.J. Duan, J.Z. Xu, Z.M. Li, Chem. Eng. J. 393 (2020) 124644.
[10]	L.Y. Han, Q. Song, K.Z. Li, X.M. Yin, J.J. Sun, H.J. Li, F.P. Zhang, X.R. Ren, X. Wang, J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 72 (2021) 154-161. DOI URL
[11]	F. Shahzad, P. Kumar, Y.H. Kim, S.M. Hong, C.M. Koo, ACS Appl. Mater. Inter-faces 8 (2016) 9361-9369.
[12]	S. Biswas, I. Arief, S.S. Panja, S. Bose, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 9 (2017) 3030-3039. DOI URL
[13]	H. Duan, P. He, H. Zhu, Y. Yang, G. Zhao, Y. Liu, Compos. Pt. B-Eng. 212 (2021) 108690.
[14]	F. Shahzad, A. Iqbal, H. Kim, C.M. Koo, Adv. Mater. 32 (2020) 2002159.
[15]	S.T. Li, W.C. Li, J. Nie, D.Y. Liu, G.X. Sui, Carbon 143 (2019) 154-161. DOI URL
[16]	C.K. Song, X.Y. Meng, H. Chen, Z.G. Liu, Q. Zhan, Y.M. Sun, W.M. Lu, Y.Q. Dai, Compos. Commun. 24 (2021) 100632.
[17]	T.Y. Zhou, C. Xu, H.P. Liu, Q.W. Wei, H. Wang, J.G. Zhang, T. Zhao, Z.B. Liu, X.F. Zhang, Y. Zeng, H.M. Cheng, W.C. Ren, ACS Nano 14 (2020) 3121-3128. DOI URL
[18]	Y.Y. Wang, W.J. Sun, D.X. Yan, K. Dai, Z.M. Li, Carbon 176 (2021) 118-125. DOI URL
[19]	Y.Y. Yao, S.H. Jin, X.L. Ma, R. Yu, H.M. Zou, H.J. Wang, X.J. Lv, Q.H. Shu, Compos. Sci. Technol. 200 (2020) 108457.
[20]	Z.H. Zeng, C.X. Wang, T.T. Wu, D.X. Han, M. Luković, F. Pan, G. Siqueira, G. Nys-tröm, J. Mater. Chem. A 8 (2020) 17969-17979. DOI URL
[21]	W.C. Yu, T. Wang, G.Q. Zhang, Z.G. Wang, H.M. Yin, D.X. Yan, J.Z. Xu, Z.M. Li, Compos. Sci. Technol. 167 (2018) 260-267. DOI URL
[22]	Y.L. Xu, A. Uddin, D. Estevez, Y. Luo, H.X. Peng, F.X. Qin, Compos. Sci. Technol. 189 (2020) 108022.
[23]	Y.D. Xu, Y.Q. Yang, D.X. Yan, H.J. Duan, G.Z. Zhao, Y.Q. Liu, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 10 (2018) 19143-19152. DOI URL
[24]	M.W. Dai, Y.H. Zhai, Y. Zhang, Chem. Eng. J. 421 (2020) 127749.
[25]	B. Zhou, Q.T. Li, P.H. Xu, Y.Z. Feng, J.M. Ma, C.T. Liu, C.Y. Shen, Nanoscale 13 (2021) 2378-2388. DOI URL
[26]	C.B. Liang, H. Qiu, P. Song, X.T. Shi, J. Kong, J.W. Gu, Sci. Bull. 65 (2020) 616-622. DOI URL
[27]	Y. Zheng, Y.J. Song, T. Gao, S.Y. Yan, H.H. Hu, F. Cao, Y.P. Duan, X.F. Zhang, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 12 (2020) 40802-40814. DOI URL
[28]	C.B. Liang, H. Qiu, Y.Y. Han, H.B. Gu, P. Song, L. Wang, J. Kong, D.P. Cao, J.W. Gu, J. Mater. Chem. C 7 (2019) 2725-2733. DOI URL
[29]	J.B. Li, X.Y. Zhao, W.J. Wu, X.W. Ji, Y.L. Lu, L.Q. Zhang, Chem. Eng. J. 415 (2021) 129054.
[30]	Y. Mu, H. Li, J.X. Deng, W.C. Zhou, J. Alloy. Compd. 724 (2017) 633-640. DOI URL
[31]	Q.Y. Jiang, X. Liao, J.M. Yang, G. Wang, J. Chen, C.X. Tian, G.X. Li, Compos. Com-mun. 21 (2020) 100416.
[32]	S.Y. Guo, H.J. Xu, M.L. Dong, M.Y. Peng, C.T. Liu, C.Y. Shen, Appl. Surf. Sci. 525 (2020) 146569.
[33]	J.W. Li, Y.Q. Ding, Q. Gao, H.M. Zhang, X.H. He, Z.L. Ma, B. Wang, G.C. Zhang, Compos. Pt. B-Eng. 190 (2020) 107935.
[34]	Y. Zhang, J. Yu, J.Y. Lu, C.J. Zhu, D.M. Qi, J. Alloy. Compd. 870 (2021) 159442.
[35]	Z.H. Zeng, Y.F. Zhang, X.Y.D. Ma, S.I.S. Shahabadi, B.Y. Che, P.Y. Wang, X.H. Lu, Carbon 140 (2018) 227-236. DOI URL
[36]	X. Wen, H.S. Liu, L. Zhang, J. Zhang, C. Fu, X.Z. Shi, X.C. Chen, E. Mijowska, M.J. Chen, D.Y. Wang, Bioresour. Technol. 272 (2019) 92-98. DOI URL
[37]	M.R. Atelge, A.E. Atabani, S. Abut, M. Kaya, C. Eskicioglu, G. Semaan, C. Lee, Y.S. Yildiz, S. Unalan, R. Mohanasundaram, F. Duman, G. Kumar, Bioresour. Technol. 322 (2021) 124470.
[38]	J.C. López-Linares, M.T. García-Cubero, M. Coca, S. Lucas, Biomass Bioenerg 147 (2021) 106026.
[39]	W.J. Kyung, H.C. Brian, J.H. Min, U.J. Tae, H.A. Kyu, Bioresour. Technol. 219 (2016) 185-195. DOI URL
[40]	E. Ribeiro, T.S. Rocha, S.H. Prudencio, Food Chem 348 (2021) 129061.
[41]	S.Y. Tsai, R. Muruganantham, S.H. Tai, B.K. Chang, S.C. Wu, Y.L. Chueh, W.R. Liu, J. Taiwan Inst. Chem. Eng. 97 (2019) 178-188. DOI URL
[42]	R. Hossain, R.K. Nekouei, I. Mansuri, V. Sahajwalla, J. Energy Storage 33 (2021) 102113.
[43]	N. Zhang, Z. Wang, R.G. Song, Q.L. Wang, H.Y. Chen, B. Zhang, H.F. Lv, Z. Wu, D.P. He, Sci. Bull. 64 (2019) 540-546. DOI URL
[44]	G.X. Wang, Q.Z. Yu, Y.M. Hu, G.Y. Zhao, J.W. Chen, H. Li, N. Jiang, D.W. Hu, Y.Q. Xu, Y.T. Zhu, A.G. Nasibulin, Compos. Commun. 21 (2020) 100417.
[45]	Q. Liu, Y. Zhang, Y.B. Liu, Z.X. Liu, B.L. Zhang, Q.Y. Zhang, J. Alloy. Compd. 860 (2021) 158151.
[46]	W. Chen, L.X. Liu, H.B. Zhang, Z.Z. Yu, ACS Nano 14 (2020) 16643-16653. DOI URL
[47]	B. Zhou, M.J. Su, D.Z. Yang, G.J. Han, Y.Z. Feng, B. Wang, ACS Appl. Mater. Inter-faces 12 (2020) 40859-40869.
[48]	F. Ren, Z.Z. Guo, H. Guo, L.C. Jia, Y.C. Zhao, P.G. Ren, D.X. Yan, Polymers 10 (2018) 933. DOI URL
[49]	L. Tang, J.L. Zhang, J.W. Gu, Chin. J. Aeronaut. 34 (2021) 659-668. DOI URL
[50]	L. Tang, J.L. Zhang, C.L. Wu, Y.S. Tang, H. Ma, J. Kong, J.W. Gu, Compos. Pt. B-Eng. 212 (2021) 108680.
[51]	T.K. Gupta, B.P. Singh, S.R. Dhakate, V.N. Singh, R.B. Mathur, J. Mater. Chem. A 1 (2013) 9138. DOI URL
[52]	T. Nisar, Z.C. Wang, X. Yang, Y. Tian, M. Iqbal, Y.R. Guo, Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 106 (2018) 670-680. DOI URL
[53]	Y.C. Chen, W.H. Chen, B.J. Lin, J.S. Chang, H.C. Ong, Appl. Energ. 181 (2016) 110-119. DOI URL
[54]	J.F. Mendes, J.T. Martins, A. Manrich, A.R.Sena Neto, A.C.M. Pinheiro, L.H.C. Mattoso, M.A. Martins, Carbohyd. Polym. 210 (2019) 92-99. DOI PMID
[55]	F. Wu, K. Yang, Q. Li, T. Shah, M. Ahmad, Q.Y. Zhang, B.L. Zhang, Carbon 173 (2021) 918-931. DOI URL
[56]	C.T. Xing, S.P. Zhu, Z. Ullah, X.C. Pan, F. Wu, X.B. Zuo, J.F. Liu, M.L. Chen, W.W. Li, Q. Li, L.W. Liu, Appl. Surf. Sci. 491 (2019) 616-623. DOI URL
[57]	Y.M. Chen, L. Pang, Li Y, H. Luo, G.G. Duan, C.T. Mei, W.H. Xu, W. Zhou, K.M. Liu, S.H. Jiang, Compos. Pt. A-Appl. Sci. Manuf. 135 (2020) 105960.
[58]	P.K.S. Mural, S.P. Pawar, S. Jayanthi, G. Madras, A.K. Sood, S. Bose, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 7 (2015) 16266-16278. DOI URL
[59]	A.S. Babal, R. Gupta, B.P. Singh, V.N. Singh, S.R. Dhakate, R.B. Mathur, RSC Adv. 4 (2014) 64649-64658. DOI URL
[60]	M. Arjmand, M. Mahmoodi, G.A. Gelves, S. Park, U. Sundararaj, Carbon 49 (2011) 3430-3440. DOI URL
[61]	I. Arief, S. Biswas, S. Bose, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 9 (2017) 19202-19214. DOI URL