Antifouling mechanism of natural product-based coatings investigated by digital holographic microscopy

doi:10.1016/j.jmst.2021.02.006

Abstract

Abstract:

Using natural product-based antifouling coatings has proven to be an effective strategy to combat biofouling. However, their antifouling mechanisms are still unclear. In this study, the antifouling mechanism of natural product-based coatings consisting of bio-sourced poly(lactic acid)-based polyurethane and eco-friendly antifoulant (butenolide) derived from marine bacteria was revealed by observing 3D bacterial motions utilizing a 3D tracking technique-digital holographic microscopy (DHM). As butenolide content increases, the density of planktonic marine bacteria (Pseudomonas sp.) near the surface decreases and thus leads to a reduced adhesion, indicating that butenolide elicits the adaptive response of Pseudomonas sp. to escape from the surface. Meanwhile, among these remained cells, an increased percentage is found to undergo subdiffusive motions compared with the case of smaller dose of butenolide. Further experiments show that butenolide can accelerate their swimming velocity and reduce flick frequency. Antibacterial assay confirms that butenolide-based coating shows high efficacy of antifouling performance against Pseudomonas sp. but without killing them like 4,5-dichloro-2-n-octyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (DCOIT).

Key words: Antifouling coatings, Biodegradable polymer, Natural antifoulant, Butenolide, Digital holographic microscopy

Jiansen Pan, Qingmei Peng, Guoliang Zhang, Qingyi Xie, Xiangjun Gong, Pei-Yuan Qian, Chunfeng Ma, Guangzhao Zhang. Antifouling mechanism of natural product-based coatings investigated by digital holographic microscopy[J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2021, 84: 200-207.

Figures/Tables 8

Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of the preparation of antifouling coating with PLA-based polyurethane and butenolide.

Fig. 2. (a) Water contact angle (WCA) and (b) surface roughness (Rq) of PLA-based coatings with different amounts of butenolide.

Fig. 3. Time dependence of the release rate of butenolide from PLA-based coatings with different contents.

Fig. 4. (a) Density distribution (heat maps) of instantaneous 3D velocities and distances from the surface (z) for Pseudomonas sp. Color bars represent the relative density of data points with a logarithmic scale. (b) The adhesion number (Nb) and (c) population density (Nall) of Pseudomonas sp. upon the coating surfaces with varying contents of butenolide.

Fig. 5. Ratio (Nsub/Nall) between the subdiffusive (υ<1) and total density of Pseudomonas sp. in z = 0-5 μm upon the coating surfaces with butenolide.

Fig. 6. Typical 3D trajectories of Pseudomonas sp. upon the surfaces of coating: (a) without antifoulant (0 wt.%) and (b) with 20 wt.% butenolide. (c) Three-dimensional velocity (V3D) of Pseudomonas sp. swimming actively (υ ≥ 1) near the surface as a function of distance from the surface (z) at 0-2 min, where V3D is obtained by calculating the arithmetic mean of all velocities distributed at z = 1, 5, 10, 20 and 30 μm. (d) Flick frequency (Ff) of Pseudomonas sp.

Fig. 7. Time dependence of: (a) Pseudomonas sp. density distribution of instantaneous 3D velocities and distances (z) from three coating surfaces, (b) the number of bacteria adhered onto three coating surfaces, and (c) the ratio (Nsub/Nall) between the subdiffusive (υ < 1) and total density of Pseudomonas sp. in z = 0-5 μm upon the three coating surfaces.

Fig. 8. Antibacterial activity of coatings with different contents of butenolide and positive control: (a) the newly obtained suspension from the coated panels after ultrasonic treatment, (b) the resulted suspension after immersing the coated panels for 24 h.

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