A self-powered temperature-sensitive electronic-skin based on tribotronic effect of PDMS/PANI nanostructures

doi:10.1016/j.jmst.2019.05.038

Abstract

Abstract:

A new self-powered temperature-sensitive electronic-skin (e-skin) for real-time monitoring body temperature without external electricity power was fabricated from patterned polydimethylsiloxane/polyaniline (PDMS/PANI) nanostructures. The e-skin can be feasibly attached on the human body and driven by the mechanical motion energy through triboelectric effect. The outputting triboelectric impulse of the PDMS/PANI units is significantly dependent on the local surface temperature of the e-skin, serving as both the power source and temperature sensing signal. The outputting current of the e-skin increases with increasing surface temperature of the device. Under applied bending deformation, the response of the e-skin is up to 63.6 for 38.6 °C. The e-skin can detect minimum temperature change of 0.4 °C. The working mechanism can be ascribed to the coupling effect of triboelectric and semiconductor properties (tribotronic effect). A practical application of the e-skin attaching on the human body for detecting the body temperature range of 36.5-42.0 °C has been simply demonstrated. This work provides a viable method for real-time monitoring body temperature, and can promote the development of wearable temperature sensors and self-powered multifunctional nanosystems.

Key words: Self-powered, Temperature sensing, Tribotronic effect, Polymer, Triboelectric nanogenerator

Zize Liu, Tianming Zhao, Hongye Guan, Tianyan Zhong, Haoxuan He, Lili Xing, Xinyu Xue. A self-powered temperature-sensitive electronic-skin based on tribotronic effect of PDMS/PANI nanostructures[J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2019, 35(10): 2187-2193.

Figures/Tables 6

Fig. 1. (a) Fabrication process of the e-skin. (b) Detailed structure of the e-skin. (c, d) Optical pictures of the e-skin.

Fig. 2. SEM images of the e-skin. (a) SEM image of one temperature sensing unit. (b) The PANI layer on the temperature sensing unit. (c) The enlargement of the connection section between unit and the flexible electrode. (d-f) The gap between PANI and PDMS. (g) SEM images of flexible electrode (h) and terminal electrode. (i, j) SEM images of the border between PANI and PDMS before and after bending for 20,000 times under 90°. (k) The high magnification SEM image of PDMS before ICP treatment. (l) The high magnification SEM image of PDMS after ICP treatment.

Fig. 3. The temperature sensing performance of self-powered e-skin (one unit). (a) The outputting triboelectric current of e-skin against different temperature. (b) The outputting triboelectric current in the heating and cooling process. (c-f) The enlarged views of the outputting current at 38.6 °C, 43.4 °C, 37.8 °C and 33.4 °C. (g, h) The outputting current and response of outputting triboelectric current in the heating and cooling process.

Fig. 4. (a) The outputting current under different bending angles at 33.1 °C, 35.2 °C, 39.3 °C and 43.0 °C. (b) The response of the e-skin under 14°, 17° and 20°. (c) Response and the recovery of the temperature sensing unit after heating (42.0 °C) and cooling (33.4 °C). (d) Stability of the e-skin. (e) The outputting triboelectric current of the e-skin under different frequencies. (f) The temperature resolution of the temperature-sensitive e-skin.

Fig. 5. Control experimental results and the working mechanism. (a, b) The outputting triboelectric current of the device (Cu/PDMS). (c) The triboelectric process between PANI and PDMS. (d) The temperature-sensitive mechanism of the e-skin.

Fig. 6. Practical application of the e-skin for detecting body temperature.

References

[1]	H. Lefevre, E. Jougla, G. Pavillon, A. Le Toullec, Rev. Epidemiol. Sante Publique 52 (2004) 317-328.
[2]	S. Hajat, S.C. Sheridan, M.J. Allen, M. Pascal, K. Laaidi, A. Yagouti, U. Bickis, A. Tobias, D. Bourque, B.G. Armstrong, T. Kosatsky, Am. J. Public Health 100(2010) 1137-1144.
[3]	C. Simpson, A. Abelsohn, Can. Med. Assoc. J. 184(2012) 1170.
[4]	A. Bouchama, M. Dehbi, E. Chaves-Carballo, Crit. Care 11 (2007), R54-1-10.
[5]	S.E. Clarke, J.R. Foster, Br. J. Biomed. Sci. 69(2012) 83-93.
[6]	L.A. Zhang, C.C. Gu, H. Ma, L.L. Zhu, J.J. Wen, H.X. Xu, H.Y. Liu, L.H. Li, Anal.Bioanal. Chem. 411(2019) 21-36.
[7]	S.A. Hamid, W. Ismail, C.Z. Zulkifli, S. Abdullah, Wirel. Pers. Commun. 103(2018) 2229-2244.
[8]	M. Bhattacharjee, H.B. Nemade, D. Bandyopadhyay, Biosens. Bioelectron. 94(2017) 544-551.
[9]	Y. Jee, Y. Yu, H.W. Abemathy, S. Lee, T.L. Kalapos, G.A. Hackett, P.R. Ohodnicki,Acs Appl. Mater. Inter. 10(2018) 42552-42563.
[10]	E. Gibney, Nature 528 (2015) 26-28.
[11]	K. Austen, Nature 525 (2015) 22-24.
[12]	W.Z. Wu, L. Wang, Y.L. Li, F. Zhang, L. Lin, S.M. Niu, D. Chenet, X. Zhang, Y. F.Hao, T.F. Heinz, J. Hone, Z.L. Wang, Nature 514 (2014) 470-474.
[13]	C. Wang, D. Hwang, Z.B. Yu, K. Takei, J. Park, T. Chen, B.W. Ma, A. Javey, Nat. Mater. 12(2013) 899-904.
[14]	M.Q. Jian, K.L. Xia, Q. Wang, Z. Yin, H.M. Wang, C.Y. Wang, H.H. Xie, M. C.Zhang, Y.Y. Zhang,Adv. Funct. Mater. 27(2017), 1606066.
[15]	T.M. Zhao, J.L. Li, H. Zeng, Y.M. Fu, H.X. He, L.L. Xing, Y. Zhang, X. Y.Xue,Nanotechnology 29 (2018), 405504.
[16]	T.M. Zhao, Y.M. Fu, H.X. He, C.Y. Dong, L.L. Zhang, H. Zeng, L.L. Xing, X. Y. Xue,Nanotechnology 29 (2018), 075501.
[17]	Q. Zhang, T. Jiang, D.H. Ho, S.S. Qin, X.X. Yang, J.H. Cho, Q.J. Sun, Z.L. Wang, ACSNano 12 (2018) 254-262.
[18]	X.L. You, J.X. He, N. Nan, X.Q. Sun, K. Qi, Y.M. Zhou, W.L. Shao, F. Liu, S.Z. Cui, J. Mater. Chem. C 6 (2018) 12981-12991.
[19]	L.L. Zhang, Y.M. Fu, L.L. Xing, B.D. Liu, Y. Zhang, X.Y. Xue, J. Mater. Chem. C 5(2017) 6005-6013.
[20]	Y.T. Dai, Y.M. Fu, H. Zeng, L.L. Xing, Y. Zhang, Y. Zhan, X.Y. Xue,Adv. Funct. Mater. 28 (2018), 1800275-1-9.
[21]	X.Y. Xue, Y.M. Fu, Q. Wang, L.L. Xing, Y. Zhang, Adv. Funct. Mater. 26(2016)3128-3138.
[22]	D.F. Lin, S.H. Ye, R. Cai, D.Y. Song, P.W. Shen, J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 19(2003)515-517.
[23]	H.L. Tai, Y.D. Jiang, G.Z. Xie, J.S. Yu, J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 26(2010) 605-613.
[24]	Y.H. Qin, A.U. Alam, M.M.R. Howlader, N.X. Hu, M.J. Deen, Adv. Funct. Mater. 26(2016) 4923-4933.
[25]	Y.M. Fu, M.Y. Zhang, Y.T. Dai, H. Zeng, C. Sun, Y.C. Han, L.L. Xing, S. Wang, X. Y.Xue, Y. Zhan, Y. Zhang, Nano Energy 44 (2018) 43-52.
[26]	Y.J. Su, J. Chen, Z.M. Wu, Y.D. Jiang,Appl. Phys. Lett. 106 (2015), 013114-1-5.
[27]	X.N. Wen, Y.J. Su, Y. Yang, H.L. Zhang, Z.L. Wang, Nano Energy 4 (2014)150-156.
[28]	C.X. Lu, C.B. Han, G.Q. Gu, J. Chen, Z.W. Yang, T. Jiang, C. He, Z.L. Wang,Adv. Eng. Mater. 19(2017), 1700275.
[29]	E.A. Grice, H.H. Kong, S. Conlan, C.B. Deming, J. Davis, A.C. Young, G. G.Bouffard, R.W. Blakesley, P.R. Murray, E.D. Green, M.L. Turner, J.A. Segre, N. C.S.Progra, Science 324 (2009) 1190-1192.
[30]	J.A. Rogers, T. Someya, Y.G. Huang, Science 327 (2010) 1603-1607.
[31]	D. Choi, H. Lee, D.J. Im, I.S. Kang, G. Lim, D.S. Kim, K.H. Kang, Sci. Rep. 3(2013)2037.
[32]	Y.J. Sun, X. Huang, S. Soh, Chem. Sci. 6(2015) 3347-3353.
[33]	H.A. Ahmad, D. Nayak, S. Panda, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 129(2013) 230-237.
[34]	G.H. Lai, Z.L. Li, L. Cheng, J.B. Peng, J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 22(2006) 677-680.