Carbon-nitride based novel materials for energy conversion and storage: Recent advances, current challenges, prospects and environmental consequences

doi:10.1016/j.jmst.2025.09.009

Abstract

Abstract: Carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄) as a polymeric semiconductor is extensively investigated as a potential next-generation material in the field of catalysis, optoelectronics, energy conversion and storage, due to its high physicochemical and thermal stability as well as suitable bandgap 2.6-2.7 eV, as a low-cost material. However, some major issues, like low surface area, serious irretrievable capacity forfeiture and deprived electrical conductivity, restrict its potential application in energy storage applications. However, several methods of material structures properties to improve its activity with unique morphological characteristics are not sufficiently summarized in the literature yet. Therefore, the present review article is intended to collect the data of key methods to prepare g-C₃N₄ with different morphological characteristics in detail. Moreover, this review systematically discusses the use of g-C₃N₄ with the latest information for energy conversion and storage applications, especially photocatalytic hydrogen production (PHP), photocatalytic carbon reduction (PCR), different batteries, supercapacitors (SCs), etc. Finally, key challenges and prospects to prepare advanced g-C₃N₄ for energy conversion and storage field with its environmental consequences are presented in detail.

Key words: Carbon nitride, Batteries, Hydrogen production, Supercapacitors, Carbon dioxide reduction

Zeeshan Ajmal, Abdul Qadeer, Asif Hayat, Mohammed M Fadhali, Muhammad Abubaker Khan, Asif Mahmood, Essam H. Ibrahim, Mohd Imran, Muhammad Saif Ur Rehman, Safdar Bashir, Yubo Yang, Xia Jiang, Shuhang Wang. Carbon-nitride based novel materials for energy conversion and storage: Recent advances, current challenges, prospects and environmental consequences[J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2026, 257: 185-221.

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