Flower-like Ag/Ag2O/Bi12O17Cl2 heterojunction for photocatalytic removal of antibiotics: Synergetic effect of plasmonic effect and p-n heterojunction

doi:10.1016/j.jmst.2024.12.088

Abstract

Abstract: The advancement of photocatalysis techniques for wastewater purification relies on the exploration of outstanding photocatalysts. Herein, a novel flower-like plasmonic p-n heterojunction of Ag/Ag₂O/Bi₁₂O₁₇Cl₂ was successfully constructed for efficient purification of antibiotic wastewater under visible light. The synergetic effect of plasmonic effect and p-n heterojunction facilitates the separation and utilization of photo-induced carriers for creation of ample reactive species, thus boosting the catalytic tetracycline hydrochloride (TC) decomposition reactions. The TC removal rate of the optimized Ag/Ag₂O/Bi₁₂O₁₇Cl₂ heterojunction is 12.6, 3.2, and 2.3 times that of single Ag₂O, Bi₁₂O₁₇Cl₂, and Ag₂O/Bi₁₂O₁₇Cl₂ respectively. The photo-induced h⁺, ·O₂^- and ·OH are confirmed to be the major contributors in the photocatalytic reactions. Also, the possible degradation pathways of TC are proposed, and the toxicity of the intermediates are estimated. This work offers insights into the design of plasmonic p-n photocatalysts for environmental purifications.

Key words: p-n heterojunction, Plasmonic effect, Ag/Ag₂O/Bi₁2O₁₇Cl₂, Internal electric field, Photocatalysis

Shijie Li, Xiaoqin Wang, Bing Xue, Diejing Feng, Yanping Liu, Wei Jiang. Flower-like Ag/Ag₂O/Bi₁₂O₁₇Cl₂ heterojunction for photocatalytic removal of antibiotics: Synergetic effect of plasmonic effect and p-n heterojunction[J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2026, 246: 237-246.

References

[1] C.L. Brown, A. Maile-Moskowitz, A.J. Lopatkin, K. Xia, L.K. Logan, B.C. Davis, L. Zhang, P.J. Vikesland, A. Pruden, Nat. Commun. 15 (2024) 5412.
[2] H. Xu, Y. Jia, Z. Sun, J. Su, Q.S. Liu, Q. Zhou, G. Jiang, Eco-Environ. Health 1 (2022) 31-45.
[3] S. Li, Y. Liu, Y. Wu, J. Hu, Y. Zhang, Q. Sun, W. Sun, J. Geng, X. Liu, D. Jia, X. You, D. Qi, M. Tang, Y. Lyu, F. Kong, L. Cai, Y. Ai, Y. Wang, J. Ni, Natl. Sci. Open 1 (2022) 20220029.
[4] J.D. Miller, C. Staddon, A. Salzberg, J.B. Lucks, W.B.D.Bruin, S.L. Young, Nat. Commun. 15 (2024) 7320.
[5] R.I.McDonald, P.Green, D. Balk, B.M. Fekete, C. Revenga, M. Todd, M. Mont-gomery, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 108 (2011) 6312-6317.
[6] C. Ren, R. Bai, W. Chen, J. Li, X. Zhou, X. Tian, F. Zhao, Chem. Res. Chinese U. 39 (2023) 389-394.
[7] A.J.d. Santos, H.L. Barazorda-Ccahuana, G. Caballero-Manrique, Y. Chéré-mond, P.J. Espinoza-Montero, J.R. González-Rodríguez, U.J. Jáuregui-Haza, M. R.V. Lanza, A. Nájera, C. Oporto, A.P. Parada, T. Pérez, V.D. Quezada, V. Rojas, V. Sosa, A. Thiam, R.A. Torres-Palma, R. Vargas, S. Garcia-Segura, Nat. Sustain. 6 (2023) 349-351.
[8] H. Sun, Y. Liu, C. Wu, L.Q. Ma, D. Guan, H. Hong, H. Yu, H. Lin, X. Huang, P. Gao, Eco-Environ. Health 3 (2024) 183-191.
[9] C. Pulignani, C.A. Mesa, S.A.J.Hillman, T. Uekert, S.Giménez, J.R. Durrant, E. Reisner, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 61 (2022) e202211587.
[10] A. Martínez-García, I. Oller, M. Vincent, V. Rubiolo, J.K. Asiimwe, C. Muyanja, K.G.McGuigan, P.Fernández-Ibáñez, M.I. Polo-López, Chem. Eng. J. 428 (2022) 132494.
[11] I. Jeon, E.C. Ryberg, P.J.J.Alvarez, J.-H. Kim, Nat. Sustain. 5 (2022) 801-808.
[12] C. Fu, D. Li, J. Zhang, W. Guo, H. Yang, B. Zhao, Z. Chen, X. Fu, Z. Liang, L. Jiang, Chem. Res. Chinese U. 39 (2023) 891-901.
[13] S.K. Loeb, P.J.J.Alvarez, J.A. Brame, E.L. Cates, W. Choi, J.Crittenden, D.D. Diony-siou, Q. Li, G. Li-Puma, X. Quan, D.L. Sedlak, T.D. Waite, P. Westerhoff, J.-H. Kim, Environ. Sci. Technol. 53 (2019) 2937-2947.
[14] Y. Qin, X. Zhang, B. Ge, T. Zhang, G. Ren, J. Liaocheng Univ.Nat. Sci. Ed. 37 (2024) 49-55.
[15] P. Natsathaporn, G. Herwig, S. Altenried, Q. Ren, R.M. Rossi, D. Crespy, F. Itel, Adv. Fiber Mater. 5 (2023) 1519-1533.
[16] W. Chong, R. Meng, Z. Liu, Q. Liu, J. Hu, B. Zhu, D.K. Macharia, Z. Chen, L. Zhang, Adv. Fiber Mater. 5 (2023) 1063-1075.
[17] W. Zhou, Q. Jing, J. Li, Y. Chen, G. Hao, L.-N. Wang, Acta Phys.-Chim. Sin. 39 (2023) 2211010.
[18] N. Lu, X. Jing, Y. Xu, W. Lu, K. Liu, Z. Zhang, Acta Phys.-Chim.Sin. 39 (2023) 2207045.
[19] J. Niu, L. Wang, X. Meng, C. Li, J. Liaocheng Univ.Nat. Sci. Ed. 37 (2024) 36-45.
[20] E.D. Talbott, N.L. Burnett, J.R. Swierk, Chem. Phys. Rev. 4 (2023) 031312.
[21] B. Li, T. Wang, Q. Le, R. Qin, Y. Zhang, H.C. Zeng, Nano Mater. Sci. 5 (2023) 293-311.
[22] Z. Wang, Z. Sun, H. Yin, H. Wei, Z. Peng, Y.X. Pang, G. Jia, H. Zhao, C.H. Pang, Z. Yin, eScience 3 (2023) 100136.
[23] J. Xiang, J. Li, X. Yang, S. Gao, R. Cao, Acta Phys.-Chim.Sin. 39 (2023) 2205039.
[24] S.S. Thind, M. Paul, J.B. Hayden, A. Joshi, D. Goodlett, J.S.McIndoe, Ind.Chem. Mater. 1 (2023) 431-442.
[25] W. Zhang, G. Liu, Chin. J. Catal. 66 (2024) 76-109.
[26] H. Wang, L. Yu, J. Jiang, Arramel, J. Zou, Acta Phys.-Chim. Sin. 40 (2024) 2305047.
[27] V. Thakur, S. Singh, P. Kumar, S. Rawat, V.C. Srivastava, S.-L. Lo, U.L. Štangar, Chem. Eng. J. 475 (2023) 146100.
[28] A. Chawla, A. Sudhaik, Sonu, P. Raizada, T.Ahamad, Q.V. Le, V.-H. Nguyen, S. Thakur, A.K. Mishra, R. Selvasembian, P. Singh, Coordin. Chem. Rev. 491 (2023) 215246.
[29] D. Kato, O. Tomita, R. Nelson, M.A. Kirsanova, R. Dronskowski, H. Suzuki
C. Zhong, C. Tassel, K. Ishida, Y. Matsuzaki, C.M. Brown, K. Fujita, K. Fu-jii, M.Yashima, Y. Kobayashi, A. Saeki, I. Oikawa, H. Takamura, R. Abe, H. Kageyama, T.E. Gorelik, A.M. Abakumov, Adv. Funct. Mater. 32 (2022) 2204112.
[30] Y. Wu, P. Wang, H. Che, W. Liu, C. Tang, Y. Ao, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 136 (2024) e202316410.
[31] M. Passi, B. Pal, J. Environ. Chem.Eng. 10 (2022) 107688.
[32] J. Guo, H. Sun, X. Yuan, L. Jiang, Z. Wu, H. Yu, N. Tang, M. Yu, M. Yan, J. Liang, Water Res. 219 (2022) 118558.
[33] J. Song, L. Zhang, J. Yang, J. Hu, X. Huang, J. Alloy. Compd. 735 (2018) 660-667.
[34] X. Xu, X. Chen, G. Liu, B. Wang, M. Ji, L. Li, N. Shan, X. Yan, J. Xia, H. Li, Ceram. Int. 49 (2023) 13289-13297.
[35] D.E. Lee, N. Mameda, K.P. Reddy, B.M. Abraham, W.K. Jo, S. Tonda, J. Mater. Sci.Technol. 161 (2023) 74-87.
[36] S. Li, K. Rong, X. Wang, C. Shen, F. Yang, Q. Zhang, Acta Phys.-Chim.Sin. 40 (2024) 2403005.
[37] M.J. Molaei, J. Am. Ceram.Soc. 107 (2024) 5695-5719.
[38] J. Hu, K. Xia, A. Yang, Z. Zhang, W. Xiao, C. Liu, Q. Zhang, Acta Phys.-Chim.Sin. 40 (2024) 2305043.
[39] H. Sepehrmansourie, H. Alamgholiloo, N.N. Pesyan, M.A. Zolﬁgol, Appl. Catal. B 321 (2023) 122082.
[40] Y. Sun, J.E. Szulejko, K.-H. Kim, V.Kumar, X. Li, Chin. J. Catal. 55 (2023) 20-43.
[41] Chuqi Shen, X. Li, B. Xue, D. Feng, Y. Liu, F. Yang, M. Zhang, S. Li, Appl.Surf. Sci. 679 (2025) 161303.
[42] X. Zhou, T. Wang, L. Zhang, S. Che, H. Liu, S. Liu, C. Wang, D. Su, Z. Teng, Appl. Catal. B 316 (2022) 121614.
[43] O. Długosz, M. Banach, J. Clean. Prod. 415 (2023) 137733.
[44] C. Hu, W. Guo, S. Zhen, Y. Li, C. Huang, L. Zhan, J. Environ. Manage. 366 (2024) 121686.
[45] T. Liu, X. Zhang, F. Zhao, Y. Wang, Appl. Catal., B 251 (2019) 220-228.
[46] P. Jia, Y. Li, Z. Zheng, Y. Wang, T. Liu, J. Duan, Sep. Purif. Technol. 305 (2023) 122457.
[47] J.X. Low, J. Yu, M. Jaroniec, S. Wageh, A.A. Al-Ghamdi, Adv.Mater. 29 (2017) 1601694.
[48] M.J. Kale, P. Christopher, Science 349 (2015) 587-588.
[49] K. Dong, C. Shen, R. Yan, Y. Liu, C. Zhuang, S. Li, Acta Phys.-Chim.Sin. 40 (2024) 2310013.
[50] F. Wang, S. He, H. Wang, S. Zhang, C. Wu, H. Huang, Y. Pang, C.-K. Tsung, T.Li, Chem. Sci. 10 (2019) 7755-7761.
[51] Y. Zhang, R. Yuan, H. Chen, B. Zhou, Chem. Eng. J. 485 (2024) 149814.
[52] Y. Cui, Q. Ma, X. Deng, Q. Meng, X. Cheng, M. Xie, X. Li, Q. Cheng, H. Liu, Appl. Catal. B 206 (2017) 136-145.
[53] D.F. Liu, B. Sun, S.J. Bai, T.T. Gao, G.W. Zhou, Chin. J. Catal. 50 (2023) 273-283.
[54] C. You, C. Wang, M. Cai, Y. Liu, B. Zhu, S. Li, Acta Phys.-Chim.Sin. 40 (2024) 2407014.
[55] Y. Zhao, Y. Zhang, Q. Xu, H. Gong, M. Yan, K. Feng, X. Zhou, X. Zhou, D. Zhang, J. Mater. Chem. A 12 (2024) 1753-1763.
[56] X. Sun, L. Li, S. Jin, W. Shao, H. Wang, X. Zhang, Y. Xie, eScience 3 (2023) 100 095.
[57] J. Gu, S. Li, T. Cui, Y. Yan, J. Zhao, J. Jiang, J. Liaocheng Univ.Nat. Sci. Ed. 38 (2025) 68-75.
[58] I. Shaﬁq, F. Ali, F. Hassan, R. Rehman, N. Shezad, A. Ahmed, F. Jamil, M. Hussain, Y.-K. Park, J.Ind. Eng. Chem. 123 (2023) 238-247.
[59] W. Li, Y. Mao, Z. Liu, J. Zhang, J. Luo, L. Zhang, Z.-A. Qiao, Adv.Mater. 35 (2023) 2300396.
[60] C.L. Wang, N.Z. Liu, X. Zhao, Y. Tian, X.W. Chen, Y.F. Zhang, L. Fan, B.R. Hou, J. Mater. Sci.Technol. 164 (2023) 188-197.
[61] R. Chen, J. Xia, Y. Chen, H. Shi, Acta Phys.-Chim.Sin. 39 (2023) 2209012.
[62] T. Han, X. Cao, H.-C. Chen, J.Ma, Y. Yu, Y. Li, W. Xu, K. Sun, A. Huang, Z. Chen, C. Chen, H. Zhang, B. Ye, Q. Peng, Y. Li, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 62 (2023) e202313325.
[63] Y. Zhang, H. Khanbareh, S. Dunn, C.R. Bowen, H. Gong, N.P.H.Duy, P.T.T.Phuong, Adv. Sci. 9 (2022) 2105248.
[64] H. Gong, Y. Zhang, J. Ye, X. Zhou, X. Zhou, Y. Zhao, K. Feng, H. Luo, D. Zhang, C. Bowen, Adv. Funct. Mater. 34 (2024) 2311091.
[65] Y. Fan, W. Ma, D. Han, S. Gan, X. Dong, L. Niu, Adv. Mater. 27 (2015) 3767-3773.
[66] R. Ning, H. Pang, Z. Yan, Z. Lu, Q. Wang, Z. Wu, W. Dai, L. Liu, Z. Li, G. Fan, X. Fu, J. Hazard Mater. 435 (2022) 129061.
[67] N. Shehzad, M. Tahir, K. Johari, M. Thanabalan, M. Hussain, Appl. Surf. Sci. 463 (2019) 445-455.
[68] F. Temerov, K. Pham, P. Juuti, J. Mäkelä, E.V. Grachova, S. Kumar, S. Eslava, J.J. Saarinen, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 12 (2020) 41200-41210.
[69] H. Wang, X. Zhang, W. Zhang, M. Zhou, H.-L. Jiang, Angew.Chem. Int. Ed. 63 (2024) e202401443.
[70] Y. Xiong, H. Chen, Y. Hu, S. Yang, X. Xue, L. He, X. Liu, J. Ma, Z. Jin, Nano Lett. 21 (2021) 8693-8700.
[71] A. Petala, D. Mantzavinos, Z. Frontistis, Curr. Opin. Green Sust. 28 (2021) 100445.
[72] M.R. Asrami, M. Jourshabani, M.H. Park, D. Shin, B.K. Lee, J. Mater. Sci.Technol. 159 (2023) 99-111.
[73] S. Heidari, M. Haghighi, M. Shabani, Chem. Eng. J. 389 (2020) 123418.
[74] A. Amirjani, N.B. Amlashi, Z.S. Ahmadiani, A.C.S.Appl, Nano Mater. 6 (2023) 9085-9123.
[75] G.A.B.Azizar, J. Hong, J.Mater. Sci. Technol. 168 (2024) 103-113.
[76] W. Zhao, Q. Zhang, H. Wang, J. Rong, E. L, Y. Dai, Nano Energy 73 (2020) 104783.
[77] Y. Wang, X. Huang, K. Wang, L. Zhang, B. Wang, Z. Fang, Y. Zhao, F. Gao, P. Liu, W. Feng, J. Mater. Chem. A 6 (2018) 9200-9208.
[78] P. Su, J. Yu, P. Deng, D. Qu, T. Liang, H. Zhao, N. Yang, D. Zhang, B. Ge, X. Pu, J. Liaocheng Univ.Nat. Sci. Ed. 37 (2024) 123-131.
[79] M. Gao, Z. Sun, Y. Gao, G. Yu, Y. Feng, J. Liaocheng Univ.Nat. Sci. Ed. 37 (2024) 39-48.
[80] Y. Lu, X. Zou, L. Wang, Y. Geng, J. Liaocheng Univ.Nat. Sci. Ed. 36 (2023) 57-64.
[81] L. Zhang, H. Zhang, D. Zhu, Z. Fu, S. Dong, C. Lyu, Chin. J. Catal. 66 (2024) 181-194.
[82] M.B. Hanif, J. Bacova, V. Berezenko, Y. Zeng, E. Paluch, A. Seniuk, M.Z. Khan, S. Rauf, I. Hussain, M. Motlochova, G. Plesch, O. Monfort, J. Capek, E. Dwor-niczek, T. Rousar, M. Motola, ChemSusChem 17 (2024) e202400 027.
[83] S.A. Rawool, M.R. Pai, A.M. Banerjee, Ashok Arya, R.S. Ningthoujam, R. Tewari, R. Rao, B. Chalke, P. Ayyub, A.K. Tripathi, S.R. Bharadwaj, Appl. Catal. B 221 (2018) 443-458.
[84] D. Sarkar, C.K. Ghosh, S. Mukherjee, K.K. Chattopadhyay, ACS Appl. Mater. In-terfaces 5 (2013) 331-337.
[85] X. Liao, T.-T. Li, H.-T. Ren, Z. Mao, X. Zhang, J.-H. Lin, C.-W. Lou, Ceram. Int. 47 (2021) 10786-10795.
[86] J. Tyczkowski, H. Kierzkowska-Pawlak, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 16 (2024) 37339-37345.
[87] K. Huang, G. Liang, S. Sun, H. Hu, X. Peng, R. Shen, X. Li, J. Mater. Sci.Technol. 193 (2024) 98-106.
[88] P. Mazierski, A. Malankowska, M. Kobyla ´nski, M. Diak, M. Kozak, M.J. Winiarski, T. Klimczuk, W. Lisowski, G. Nowaczyk, A. Zaleska-Medynska, ACS Catal. 7 (2017) 2753-2764.
[89] I. García, E. Lovell, R.J. Wong, V.L. Barrio, J.A. Scott, J.F. Cambra, R. Amal, ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng. 8 (2020) 1879-1887.
[90] A. Wadsworth, Z. Hamid, J. Kosco, N. Gasparini, I. McCulloch, Adv. Mater. 32 (2020) 2001763.
[91] C. Xu, P.R. Anusuyadevi, C. Aymonier, R. Luque, S. Marre, Chem. Soc. Rev. 48 (2019) 3868-3902.
[92] G. Belessiotis, A. Kontos, Renew. Energ. 195 (2022) 497-515.
[93] M. Sayed, J. Yu, G. Liu, M. Jaroniec, Chem. Rev. 122 (2022) 10484-10537.

Flower-like Ag/Ag₂O/Bi₁₂O₁₇Cl₂ heterojunction for photocatalytic removal of antibiotics: Synergetic effect of plasmonic effect and p-n heterojunction

PDF (PC)

Knowledge

Abstract

Cite this article

share this article

References

Related Articles 15

Recommended Articles

Metrics

Comments

[1]	Changjun You, Xinlei Zhang, Yiqian Zhao, Ruyu Yan, Yunwang Shen, Qingquan Xue, Wenyao Li, Tong Liu, Jianhui Jiang, Xiaobo Chen, Shijie Li. Plasmonic effect augmented S-scheme mechanism in Ag/Ag₂O/C₃N₅ photocatalyst enables efficient photocatalytic degradation of antibiotics [J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2026, 242(0): 64-74.
[2]	Fan Fan, Hao Xiu, Huiting Ma, Yuting Wang, Yongpeng Cui, Wenqing Yao, Yajun Wang. Synergistic multi-heteroatom doping in carbon nitride: Harnessing a giant built-in electric field for enhanced photocatalytic H₂O₂ generation [J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2026, 242(0): 128-137.
[3]	Yu Che, Ke Wang, Cong Wang, Bo Weng, Shifu Chen, Sugang Meng. Lattice match-enabled Zn₃In₂S₆@CdS S-scheme heterojunction with S covalent bond bridge for simultaneous H₂O₂ photosynthesis and H₂ production [J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2026, 243(0): 228-236.
[4]	Xinwan Zhao, Xiaoyue Zhang, Minjun Lei, Xiaoli Ma, Youji Li, Zhiliang Jin. Synergistic effect of morphology regulation of LaNiO₃ S-scheme heterojunction for enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen production [J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2026, 245(0): 238-248.
[5]	Chenchen Jiang, Chengcheng Yuan, Kaiqiang Xu, Xin Zhou, Chuanbiao Bie. High-energy anti-Kasha excited states induced by cross-interface secondary electron pumping in S-scheme heterojunctions [J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2025, 231(0): 36-44.
[6]	Alamgir, Nouraiz Mushtaq, Abrar Ahmad, Javaria Khayaban E Erum, Lan Li, Jinjie Qian, Xusheng Wang, Junkuo Gao. Shaping the future of solar-driven photocatalysis by reticular framework materials [J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2025, 231(0): 193-244.
[7]	Bowen Liu, Kai Meng, Bei Cheng, Lei Wang, Guijie Liang, Chuanbiao Bie. Prolonging charge carrier lifetime in S-scheme heterojunctions via ligand-to-metal charge transfer of Ni-MOF for photocatalytic H₂ production and simultaneous benzylamine coupling [J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2025, 231(0): 286-295.
[8]	Binbin Zhao, Jiachao Xu, Feng Chen, Xuefei Wang, Huogen Yu. Metal-single-atom anchored highly crystalline graphitic carbon nitride in photocatalysis [J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2025, 232(0): 14-27.
[9]	Yongkang Liu, Chunguang Chen, Graham Dawson, Jinfeng Zhang, Chunfeng Shao, Kai Dai. Organic-inorganic hybrid-based S-scheme heterostructure in solar-to-fuel conversion [J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2025, 233(0): 10-37.
[10]	Chensheng Zhou, Man Zhou, Kangqiang Lu, Weiya Huang, Changlin Yu, Kai Yang. Electrostatic self-assembly of MnIn₂S₄@BiVO₄ S-scheme heterojunction for photothermal-enhanced photocatalytic antibiotic removal with the boosted spatial charge separation [J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2025, 233(0): 166-178.
[11]	Junjian Cai, Xinyu Li, Bo Su, Binbin Guo, Xiahui Lin, Wandong Xing, Xue Feng Lu, Sibo Wang. Rational design and fabrication of S-scheme NiTiO₃/CdS heterostructures for photocatalytic CO₂ reduction [J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2025, 234(0): 82-89.
[12]	Rui Ren, Heng Yang, Bingquan Xia, Yang Xia, Jun Zhang, Qun Yi. CuNi alloy nanoparticles supported on TiO₂ nanofiber for efficient photocatalytic H₂ evolution from aqueous ammonia [J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2025, 238(0): 294-302.
[13]	Zhenxi Yuan, Weirui Chen, Laisheng Li, Jing Wang. Engineering of 2D MXene-derived nanocomposites for environment-related interdisciplinary applications [J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2025, 222(0): 111-141.
[14]	Shuang Tang, Yang-Sen Xu, Xiang Ling, Li-Yi Tang, Xin-Zhong Wang, Yu-Xiang Yu, Wei-De Zhang. Building Mo₂C/C/TCN heterojunction for efficient noble-metal-free plastic photoreforming and hydrogen generation [J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2025, 224(0): 1-9.
[15]	Yimei Wang, Xuechao Shi, Shuxian Hou, Lei Zhang, Xinxin Liu, Guoqiang Yang, Yuxuan Wang, Muwei Hao, Weiwei Zhang, Jun Wang, Fei Ge. A light-responsive multilayered 3D porous Ga₂O₃ hydrogel for photocatalytic antibacterial therapy promoting healing of MDR S. aureus-infected wounds [J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2025, 225(0): 188-202.