Optimizing the electromagnetic wave absorption performance of designed hollow CoFe2O4/CoFe@C microspheres

doi:10.1016/j.jmst.2020.10.082

Abstract

Abstract:

Whereas hollow composites present some superiorities like abundant micro interfaces, outstanding impedance matching as the responses of electromagnetic wave (EMW), but versatile designs including crystal transformation, heterogeneous structures and magnetic exchange coupling to further contribution are even not designed or stressed together in previous literatures. In this article, rational design on the hollow CoFe₂O₄/CoFe@C architecture has been conducted by a sequential process of self-sacrifice by combustion, in-suit polymerization and calcination. Results of morphology observation exhibit that heterogeneous CoFe₂O₄/CoFe@C composites were generated via crystal transformation from CoFe₂O₄ to CoFe alloys with encapsulated carbon, together with ultimate growth of crystal particles. As for three carbon-based architectures, relatively low-graphitization carbon layers are favorable for enhancing impedance matching and polarization relaxation, but suppressing the conductive loss essentially. Moderate carbon content endows sample S2 with the maximum magnetic saturation (M_s) of 152.4 emu g^-1. The optimized RL of sample S3 is up to -51 dB with 30 wt% loading, and the effective absorption band (EAB) is of 5.9 GHz at the thickness of 2.17 mm, while 6.0 GHz can be reached at 2.5 mm. Therefore, this hollow multi-interfaces design definitely shed light on novel structure for new excellent absorbers.

Key words: CoFe₂O₄/CoFe@C, Alloying processing, Absorption performance, Carbon layers

Jianwen Ge, Shimeng Liu, Li Liu, Yu Cui, Fandi Meng, Yixing Li, Xuefeng Zhang, Fuhui Wang. Optimizing the electromagnetic wave absorption performance of designed hollow CoFe₂O₄/CoFe@C microspheres[J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2021, 81: 190-202.

Figures/Tables 12

Fig. 1. Schematic diagrams of the fabrication processes of CoFe2O4/CoFe@C composites (a), specific crystal transformation process and the formation of oxygen vacancies (b).

Fig. 2. SEM images of CS@NP (a), hollow CoFe2O4 composites (b, c and d), the inset of (c) corresponds to the enlarged image. TEM images of CoFe2O4 composites (e and f) and CoFe2O4/CoFe@C composites (i, j and k). HRTEM images of CoFe2O4 composites (g) and CoFe2O4/CoFe@C composites (h). The inset of (f) is TEM image of CoFe2O4 composites with an unburned carbon spheres.

Fig. 3. Energy dispersive X-ray (EDS) analysis for elemental mapping. STEM images of CoFe2O4 composites (a) and CoFe2O4/CoFe@C-S1 composites (e). Images (b), (c), (d) and (f), (g), (h), (i) correspond to different elemental mapping images of CoFe2O4 and CoFe2O4/CoFe@C-S1 composites, respectively.

Fig. 4. XRD diffraction spectra of varied samples (a). XPS spectra of the CoFe2O4/CoFe@C-S1 composites: (b) survey scan, (c) Fe 2p region, (d) Co 2p region and (e) O 2p region.

Fig. 5. Hysteresis loops of CoFe2O4 and CoFe2O4/CoFe@C composites at room temperature (a), Raman spectra of varied samples (b), high resolution image of sample S1(c), TG results of different samples (d).

Fig. 6. Absorption performance of CoFe2O4 and CoFe2O4/CoFe@C composites. 3D and 2D representations of reflection loss correspond to (a), (c), (e), (g) and (b), (d), (f), (h), respectively. RLmin (i) and optimal EAB (j) of different samples. 3D RL maps of sample S0 (k) and S3 (l).

Fig. 7. EM parameters of CoFe2O4 and CoFe2O4/CoFe@C composites in the frequency range of 2-18 GHz, (a) ε', (b) ε", (c) μ' and (d) μ".

Fig. 8. tan δε and tan δμ (a), typical Cole-Cole semicircles (b-d), μ"/(μ')2 f -1values (e) of varied samples.

Fig. 9. Calculated values and delta maps to demonstrate EMW attenuation capacity (a) and impedance matching (b-d) of CoFe2O4 and CoFe2O4/CoFe@C composites.

Fig. 10. 3D RL maps of mixed composites composing of different loadings of S3 with wax: S3-20 wt% (a), S3-40 wt% (b) and S3-50 wt% (c) in the frequency range of 2.0-18.0 GHz. RLmin and optimal EAB values of S3-20 wt%, S3-30 wt%, S3-40 wt% and S3-50 wt% at the thickness of 2.5 mm.

Table 1 Comparison of EMW absorption properties of CoFe2O4/CoFe2@C-S3 and analogues.

Absorber	RL_mix (dB)	Thickness (mm)	EAB (GHz)	Refs.
Fe₃O₄/rGO	-49.53	3.40	3.0 (14.5-17.5)	[75]
FeCo/C	-48.20	1.70	2.5 (7.4-9.9)	[76]
Fe/C	-56.6	4.30	2.2 (8.2-10.4)	[77]
FeNi/C	-14.7	3.30	< 1	[78]
Fe₃O₄/C	-55.7	6.2	2.0 (8.5-10.5)	[79]
Fe₃O₄/Ppy/CNT	-25.9	3.04	4.5 (10.6-15.1)	[80]
Co/Mesoporous C	-33.4	2.87	4.2 (12.3-16.5)	[81]
CoFe₂O₄/CoFe₂@C-S3	-51.00	2.17	5.9 (12.1-18.0)	This work

Fig. 11. The EMW absorption mechanisms of the CoFe2O4/CoFe@C composites.

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Optimizing the electromagnetic wave absorption performance of designed hollow CoFe₂O₄/CoFe@C microspheres

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