Fig. 1. Photos of the laminar plasma jet in the atmospheric environment (a); the laminar plasma jet impinges on the substrate (b); the used airfoil substrate in (c) and the cross-section of a feed YSZ powder in the experiment (d); experimental measured particle velocity (e) and surface temperature (f) at different spraying distances that compared with other results.

Fig. 2. The polished cross-sections of the as-sprayed coating (a), thermal exposed coatings at 1473 K for 48 h (b) and for 100 h (c); the top surface morphology of the as-sprayed coating (d), thermal exposed coatings at 1473 K for 48 h of (e) and for 100 h of (f); 3D top surface laser scanning microstructures of the as-sprayed coating (g), thermal exposed coatings at 1473 K for 48 h (h) and for 100 h (i) ; the hardness, elasticity modulus and thermal conductivity variations between the as-sprayed coating, thermal exposed coatings at 1473 K for 48 h and for 100 h are presented in (j) and (k), respectively. Also, thermal cycling lifetime were compared in (k).

Fig. 3. EBSD analyses on the polished cross-section of the as-sprayed coating of (a), thermal exposed coatings at 1473 K for 48 h (b) and for 100 h (c); IPF-Z orientation maps between the as-sprayed coating (d), thermal exposed coatings at 1473 K for 48 h (e) and for 100 h (f); grain size distributions in the as-sprayed coating (g), thermal exposed coatings at 1473 K for 48 h (h) and for 100 h (i).

Fig. 4. Experimental samples of CMAS on top surface of coating in (a), (b), (c); In-situ observations of a sequence of states of CMAS on the surface of the coating in (d), (e), (f), (g); uniformly distributed CMAS powders at 1523 K for 24 h on the top surface of the coating in (h), (i) and on the polished cross-section of the coating (j), (k); single droplet of the CMAS impinges on the surface of the coating (L), (m) ; the schematic diagram of the molten CMAS contacting on the top micro-nano protuberances of the coating (n).