Nitrogen and oxygen co-doped mesoporous carbon spheres as capacitive anode for high performance sodium-ion capacitors

doi:10.1016/j.jmst.2020.12.039

Abstract

Abstract:

The poor rate capability of battery-type anode is usually the bottleneck of the power-energy outputs of a hybrid alkaline metal ion capacitor. In this work, nitrogen and oxygen co-doped mesoporous carbon spheres with excellent rate performance and cycle stability are used as anode materials of sodium ion capacitors (SICs). The high N and O element doping levels as well as the amorphous and mesoporous structure have enabled prominent capacitive Na ion storage behavior, which in turn match well with the capacitive cathode in the hybrid device. Under optimum conditions, the SIC delivers a high energy density of 103.1 Wh kg^-1 at a power density of 205.6 W kg^-1. Even at a high power density of 7520 W kg^-1, an energy density of 23.5 Wh kg^-1 is still maintained. Moreover, a robust cycle stability with capacity retention of 84.6 % after 2500 cycles at 1 A g^-1 is maintained. Such excellent electrochemical performances convincingly demonstrate that the all-carbon based SICs with the highly capacitive N and O co-doped mesoporous carbon anode can be promising Na ion-based energy storage devices alternative to their Li ion-based counterparts.

Key words: N and O co-doping, Carbon anode, Na-ion capacitors, Energy density, Cycle stability

Chunhai Jiang, Wenyang Zhou, Zhimin Zou. Nitrogen and oxygen co-doped mesoporous carbon spheres as capacitive anode for high performance sodium-ion capacitors[J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2021, 83: 188-195.

Figures/Tables 7

Fig. 1. SEM images of the spherical MnO2 template (a), polypyrrole (b), and N, O co-doped carbon spheres (c), TEM images and high resolution TEM images of NCS500 (d and e) and NCS900 (h and h), HADDF images of NCS500 (f) and NCS900 (i), and the element mappings for C, N and O taken in the same area.

Fig. 2. XRD patterns (a), Raman spectra (b), XPS C 1s (c), N 1s (d), O 1s (e) core scans and pore diameter distributions (f) of NCS500, NCS700 and NCS900.

Fig. 3. The CV curves of NCS500 in the first three cycles (a) and those at the third cycle for NCS500, NCS700 and NCS900 (b) measured at 0.1 mV s-1, the galvonostatic discharge/charge profiles for NCS500 measured at 50 mA g-1 (c), rate capability (d) and the typical discharge/charge profiles taken from different current densities for NCS500 (e); and cycle performance of all three samples at 500 mA g-1 (f).

Table 1 Performance comparison of NCS500 versus state-of-the-art anode carbons of SIBs reported in literatures.

Sample	Initial reversible capacity (mA h g^-1)	Initial Coulombic efficiency	Rate capability (mA h g^-1 at 1 A g^-1)	Refs.
N-doped ordered mesoporous carbon	209.4 at 0.1 A g^-1	22.4%	108.6	[34]
N-doped carbon nanofibers	293 at 0.05 A g^-1	38.8%	150	[35]
N-doped carbon sheets	168 at 0.2 1 A g^-1	26.4%	97	[36]
N-doped carbon microspheres	405.4 at 0.05 A g^-1	30.6%	154	[37]
N/S co-doped mesoporous carbon	452 at 0.14 A g^-1	28%	102 at 1.4 A g^-1	[38]
N-doped porous carbon	419 at 0.1 A g^-1	33.7%	193	[39]
N-doped carbon microspheres	595 at 0.05 A g^-1	45.3%	102	[40]
Carbon nanofiber@N-doped porous carbon	222.5 at 0.A g^-1	29.4%	140	[41]
NCS500	243 at 0.05 A g^-1	43.2 %	160	This work

Fig. 4. The CV curves measured at various scan rates for NCS500 (a), NCS700 (d), and NCS900 (g), capacitive contribution to the current response of NCS500 (b), NCS700 (e), and NCS900 (h), and the CV curves with specific capacitive contributions at 1.0 mV s-1 for NCS500 (c), NCS700 (f), and NCS900 (i).

Fig. 5. Tests of the SIC with NCS500 as anode and commercial YEC-8B as cathode, (a) cyclic voltammetry curves (0-4.0 V) at various scan rates, (b) galvonostatic charge-discharge profiles at current density ranging from 0.1 A g-1 to 5 A g-1, (c) Ragone plots of the SIC and those reported previously, and (d) capacitance retention and coulombic efficiency at 0.1 A g-1.

Table 2 Comparison of the cycle performance of different SICs.

Type of SICs	Current density (A g^-1)	Cycle number	Capacity retention (%)	Refs.
m-Nb₂O₅@C//AC	1	2000	∼81.3	[8]
V₂O₅@graphene//AC	0.06	1000	74	[47]
HAT550@ZTC//STC16	1	1000	91.5	[21]
HPC-550//HPC-800	3.5	2500	81.1	[44]
Na-TNT//graphite	0.25	1000	80	[45]
CS-800//CS-800-6	1	2000	85.7	[48]
Na₂Ti₃O₇@CNT//AC	0.4	4000	75	[6]
NCS500//AC	1	2500	84.6	This work

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