Manipulating interfacial charge redistribution in Mn0.5Cd0.5S/N-rich C3N5 S-scheme heterojunction for high-performance photocatalytic removal of emerging contaminants

doi:10.1016/j.jmst.2025.05.011

Abstract

Abstract: Engineering advanced S-scheme heterojunction photocatalysts represents a prospective strategy for efficient antibiotic-contaminated wastewater decontamination. However, the practical realization of such systems is hindered by difficulties in achieving seamless interfacial integration and precise control over charge-carrier dynamics. Herein, we proposed a shell-core 0D/2D Mn_0.5Cd_0.5S/C₃N₅ S-scheme heterojunction with compact interfacial contact, synthesized by in-situ solvothermal growth of Mn_0.5Cd_0.5S nanodots on C₃N₅ nanosheets. This optimized Mn_0.5Cd_0.5S/C₃N₅ heterojunction performs extraordinary catalytic performance and enables approximately 1.3- and 3.2-fold tetracycline abatement rate greater than that for Mn_0.5Cd_0.5S and C₃N₅, respectively, which arises from the synergy of efficient spatial photo-carrier separation and well preserved great redox capacity of the heterojunction enabled by the S-scheme mechanism. Mechanistic validation was achieved through systematic characterizations and computational analyses. This study advances the rational design of shell-core S-scheme heterojunctions for photocatalytic antibiotic wastewater treatment.

Key words: Mn^0.5Cd^0.5S/C³N⁵, S-scheme heterojunction, Core-shell heterostructure, Internal electric ?eld, Removal of emerging contaminants

Deyun Ma, Qingquan Xue, Yanping Liu, Fenglan Liang, Wenyao Li, Tong Liu, Chunqiang Zhuang, Zaiwang Zhao, Shijie Li. Manipulating interfacial charge redistribution in Mn_0.5Cd_0.5S/N-rich C₃N₅ S-scheme heterojunction for high-performance photocatalytic removal of emerging contaminants[J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2026, 243: 265-274.

References

[1] F. Baquero, B.R. Levin, Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 19(2021) 123-132.
[2] J. Chen, R. Sun, C. Pan, Y. Sun, B. Mai, Q.X. Li, J. Agric.Food Chem. 68(2020) 11908-11919.
[3] S.M. Zainab, M. Junaid, N. Xu, R.N. Malik, Water Res. 187(2020) 116455.
[4] M. Tyers, G.D. Wright, Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 17(2019) 141-155.
[5] J.H. Kwon, W.G. Powderly, Science 373 (2021) 471.
[6] M. Caban, P. Stepnowski, Environ. Chem. Lett. 19(2021) 3115-3138.
[7] A.J.D.Santos, H.L. Barazorda-Ccahuana, G.Caballero-Manrique, Y. Chéré- mond, P.J. Espinoza-Montero, J.R. González-Rodríguez, U.J. Jáuregui-Haza, M. R.V. Lanza, A. Nájera, C. Oporto, A.P. Parada, T. Pérez, V.D. Quezada, V. Rojas, V. Sosa, A. Thiam, R.A. Torres-Palma, R. Vargas, S. Garcia-Segura, Nat. Sustain. 6(2023) 349-351.
[8] S. Wu, J. Peng, S.L.J. Lee, X. Niu, Y. Jiang, S. Lin, Eco-Environ. Health 3 (2024) 494-504.
[9] D. Mangla, A.Sharma Annu, S. Ikram, J. Hazard. Mater. 425(2022) 127946.
[10] K. Yang, H. Lin, X. Feng, J. Jiang, J. Ma, Z. Yang, Water Res. 224(2022) 119047.
[11] R.J.A.Felisardo, E. Brillas, T.H. Boyer, E.B. Cavalcanti, S. Garcia-Segura, Water Res. 261(2024) 122034.
[12] M.A. Alkhadra, X. Su, M.E. Suss, H. Tian, E.N. Guyes, A.N. Shocron, K.M.Con-forti, J.P.d. Souza, N. Kim, M. Tedesco, K. Khoiruddin, I.G. Wenten, J.G. Santiago, T.A. Hatton, M.Z. Bazant, Chem. Rev. 122(2022) 13547-13635.
[13] J. Yang, Z. Li, Q. Xu, W. Liu, S. Gao, P. Qin, Z. Chen, A. Wang, Eco-Environ. Health 3 (2024) 117-130.
[14] V.I. Parvulescu, F. Epron, H. Garcia, P. Granger, Chem. Rev. 122(2021) 2981-3121.
[15] Y. Yu, Y. Yu, H. Wu, J. Shi, H. Morikawa, C. Zhu, Adv. Fiber Mater. 6(2024) 1495-1508.
[16] B. Ran, L. Ran, Z. Wang, J. Liao, D. Li, K. Chen, W. Cai, J. Hou, X. Peng, Chem. Rev. 123(2023) 12371-12430.
[17] L. Jiao, H.-L. Jiang, Chin.J. Catal. 45(2023) 1-5.
[18] F. Ahmadijokani, A. Ghaffarkhah, H. Molavi, S. Dutta, Y. Lu, S. Wuttke, M. Kamkar, O.J. Rojas, M. Arjmand, Adv. Funct. Mater. 34(2023) 2305527.
[19] I. Jeon, E.C. Ryberg, P.J.J.Alvarez, J.-H. Kim, Nat. Sustain. 5(2022) 801-808.
[20] S. Thakur, A. Ojha, S.K. Kansal, N.K. Gupta, H.C. Swart, J. Cho, A. Kuznetsov, S. Sun, J. Prakash, Adv. Powder Mater. 3(2024) 100233.
[21] Y. Qin, X. Zhang, B. Ge, T. Zhang, G. Ren, J. Liaocheng Univ.Nat. Sci. Ed. 37(2024) 49-55.
[22] T. Long, Z. Wang, Y. He, J. Fang, J. Feng, Q. Sun, J. Liaocheng Univ.Nat. Sci. Ed. 36(2023) 48-56.
[23] Y. Fan, Y. Wang, H. Wang, Y. Chen, Z. Li, Chem. Res. Chin. Univ. 40(2024) 1141-1150.
[24] J. Bai, R. Shen, G. Liang, C. Qin, D. Xu, H. Hu, X. Li, Chin. J. Catal. 59(2024) 225-236.
[25] R. Gao, J. Bai, R. Shen, L. Hao, C. Huang, L. Wang, G. Liang, P. Zhang, X. Li, J. Mater. Sci.Technol. 137(2023) 223-231.
[26] C. Zhang, Z. Wu, J. Shen, L. He, W. Sun, Acta Phys.-Chim.Sin. 40(2024) 2304004.
[27] C. Zhang, X. Tao, W. Jiang, J. Guo, P. Zhang, C. Li, R. Li, Acta Phys.-Chim.Sin. 40(2024) 2303034.
[28] X. Yin, H. Shi, Y. Wang, X. Wang, P. Wang, H. Yu, Acta Phys.-Chim.Sin. 40(2024) 2312007.
[29] T. Bak, S. Sherif, D.S. Black, J. Nowotny, Chem. Rev. 124(2024) 11848-11914.
[30] K. Huang, G. Liang, S. Sun, H. Hu, X. Peng, R. Shen, X. Li, J. Mater. Sci.Technol. 193(2024) 98-106.
[31] Y. Liu, H. Lu, T. Yang, P. Cheng, X. Han, W. Liang, Chin. Chem. Lett. 35(2024) 109492.
[32] Y. Liu, S. Zhang, X. Li, Y. Liu, J. Lu, X. Lu, Z. Xu, J. Liaocheng Univ.Nat. Sci. Ed. 37(2024) 34-41.
[33] J. Wei, S. Wang, J. Wu, D. Cao, D. Cheng, Ind. Chem. Mater. 2(2024) 7-29.
[34] P. Kumar, E. Vahidzadeh, U.K. Thakur, P. Kar, K.M. Alam, A. Goswami, N. Mahdi, K. Cui, G.M. Bernard, V.K. Michaelis, K. Shankar, J. Am. Chem.Soc. 141(2019) 5415-5436.
[35] C. You, C. Wang, M. Cai, Y. Liu, B. Zhu, S. Li, Acta Phys.-Chim.Sin. 40(2024) 2407014.
[36] S.-F. Ng, X.Chen, J.J. Foo, M. Xiong, W.-J. Ong, Chin. J. Catal. 47(2023) 150-160.
[37] J. Wang, D. Liu, M. Li, X. Gu, S. Wu, J. Zhang, Chin. J. Catal. 63(2024) 202-212.
[38] H. Gu Han, J.Won Choi, Minsu Son, K.Chul Kim, eScience 4 (2024) 100204.
[39] C. Ma, Z. Yu, J. Wei, C. Tan, X. Yang, T. Wang, G. Yu, C. Zhang, X. Li, Appl. Catal. B-Environ. 319(2022) 121951.
[40] Z. Lin, W. Xie, M. Zhu, C. Wang, J. Guo, Chin. J. Catal. 64(2024) 87-97.
[41] C. Fu, D. Li, J. Zhang, W. Guo, H. Yang, B. Zhao, Z. Chen, X. Fu, Z. Liang, L. Jiang, Chem. Res. Chin. Univ. 39(2023) 891-901.
[42] H.A. Maitlo, S.A. Younis, K.-H. Kim, W. Yue, Z. Lu, D.-H. Lim, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 17 (2025) 4711-4727.
[43] X. Wang, K. Wu, W. Cao, K. Rui, W. Wang, R. Zhu, J. Zhu, Z. Yan, Adv. Mater. Interfaces 10 (2022) 2201627.
[44] L. Zhang, H. Zhang, D. Zhu, Z. Fu, S. Dong, C. Lyu, Chin. J. Catal. 66(2024) 181-194.
[45] H. Yamamoto, L. Xiao, Y. Miseki, H. Ueki, M. Okazaki, K. Sayama, T.E. Mallouk, K. Maeda, Chin. J. Catal. 63(2024) 124-132.
[46] Y. Gong, Y. Ding, Q. Tang, F. Lian, C. Bai, R. Xie, H. Xie, X. Zhao, Chin. Chem. Lett. 35(2024) 108475.
[47] M. Gao, Z. Sun, Y. Gao, G. Yu, Y. Feng, J. Liaocheng Univ.Nat. Sci. Ed. 37(2024) 39-48.
[48] X. Yang, Z. Guo, Y. Xu, Z. Li, Y. Zhou, Z. Yang, Z. Zhou, Y. Gao, J. Zhang, Chem. Res. Chin. Univ. 40(2024) 536-547.
[49] S. Li, C. You, F. Yang, G. Liang, C. Zhuang, X. Li, Chin. J. Catal. 68(2025) 259-271.
[50] R. Gao, R. Shen, C. Huang, K. Huang, G. Liang, P. Zhang, X. Li, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 64(2024) e202414229.
[51] K. Li, C. Liu, J. Li, G. Wang, K. Wang, Acta Phys.-Chim.Sin. 40(2024) 2403009.
[52] L. Zhang, J. Zhang, J. Yu, H. García, Nat. Rev. Chem. 9(2025) 328-342.
[53] Q. Zhang, Z. Wang, Y. Song, J. Fan, T. Sun, E. Liu, J. Mater. Sci.Technol. 169(2024) 148-157.
[54] S. Li, C. You, K. Rong, C. Zhuang, X. Chen, B. Zhang, Adv. Powder Mater. 3(2024) 100183.
[55] Y. Baghdadi, F. Temerov, J. Cui, M. Daboczi, E. Rattner, M. Segundo, S. Itskou, S. Eslava, Chem. Mater. 35(2023) 8607-8620.
[56] Y. Wang, X. Liu, J. Liu, B. Han, X. Hu, F. Yang, Z. Xu, Y. Li, S. Jia, Z. Li, Y. Zhao, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 130(2018) 5867-5873.
[57] B. Zhu, C. Jiang, J. Xu, Z. Zhang, J. Fu, J. Yu, Mater. Today 82 (2025) 251-273.
[58] Y. Zhang, Z. Zhan, Q. Li, X. Gao, Q. Lu, E. Guo, C. Si, M. Wei, Energy Fuels 38 (2024) 5457-5464.
[59] D. Monga, S. Basu, J. Environ. Manage. 336(2023) 117570.
[60] Q. Liu, X. Du, W. Li, W.-L. Dai, B.Liu, Acta Phys.-Chim. Sin. 40(2024) 2311016.
[61] J. Hu, K. Xia, A. Yang, Z. Zhang, W. Xiao, C. Liu, Q. Zhang, Acta Phys.-Chim.Sin. 40(2024) 2305043.
[62] L. Zhu, J. Liu, Y. Shen, L. Qiu, X. Xu, J. Xi, D. Li, P. Li, S. Duo, Catal. Sci. Technol. 14(2024) 5714-5721.
[63] C. Yang, X. Li, M. Li, G. Liang, Z. Jin, Chin. J. Catal. 56(2024) 88-103.
[64] H. Wen, W. Duan, L. Guo, Q. Wang, X. Fu, Y. Wang, R. Li, B. Jin, R. Du, C. Yang, D. Wang, Appl. Catal. B-Environ. 345(2024) 123641.
[65] A.H. Raza, S. Farhan, Z. Yu, Y. Wu, Acta Phys.-Chim.Sin. 40(2024) 2406020.
[66] M. Zhang, K. Li, C. Hu, K. Ma, W. Sun, X. Huang, Y. Ding, Chin. J. Catal. 47(2023) 254-264.
[67] V. Dutta, A. Sudhaik, P. Raizada, A. Singh, T. Ahamad, S. Thakur, Q.V. Le, V.-H. Nguyen, P.Singh, J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 162(2024) 11-24.
[68] J. Niu, L. Wang, X. Meng, C. Li, J. Liaocheng Univ.Nat. Sci. Ed. 37(2024) 36-45.
[69] J. Cai, B. Liu, S. Zhang, L. Wang, Z. Wu, J. Zhang, B. Cheng, J. Mater. Sci.Technol. 197(2024) 183-193.
[70] H.B. Truong, B.T. Huy, Y.-I. Lee, H.T. Nguyen, J. Cho, J. Hur, Chem. Eng. J. 453(2023) 139777.
[71] Y. Lu, X. Zou, L. Wang, Y. Geng, J. Liaocheng Univ.Nat. Sci. Ed. 36(2023) 57-64.
[72] W. Zeng, Y. Dong, X. Ye, Z. Zhang, T. Zhang, X. Guan, L. Guo, Chin. Chem. Lett. 35(2024) 109252.
[73] H. Liao, K. Huang, W. Hou, H. Guo, C. Lian, J. Zhang, Z. Liu, L. Wang, Adv. Pow- der Mater. 3(2024) 100243.
[74] Q. Meng, L. Wu, X. Yang, Y. Xiong, F. Kong, T. Duan, SusMat 4 (2024) e232.
[75] X. Miao, H. Yang, J. He, J. Wang, Z. Jin, Acta Phys.-Chim. Sin. 41 (2025) 10 0 051.
[76] S. Li, K. Dong, M. Cai, X. Li, X. Chen, eScience 4 (2024) 100208.
[77] Y. Wang, Y. Pan, H. Zhu, Y. Xiang, R. Han, R. Huang, C. Du, C. Pan, Acta Phys.-Chim.Sin. 40(2024) 2304050.
[78] W. Li, J.-J. Li, Z.-F. Liu, H.-Y. Ma, P.-F. Fang, R. Xiong, J.-H. Wei, Rare Metals 43 (2024) 533-542.
[79] Y. Dong, P. Ji, X. Xu, R. Li, Y. Wang, K.P. Homewood, X. Xia, Y. Gao, X. Chen, Energy Environ. Mater. 7(2024) e12643.
[80] Y. Zhao, Y. Zhang, Q. Xu, H. Gong, M. Yan, K. Feng, X. Zhou, X. Zhou, D. Zhang, J. Mater. Chem. A 12 (2024) 1753-1763.
[81] X. Hu, X. Yang, B. Song, Z. Zhan, R. Sun, Y. Guo, L.-M. Yang, X. Yang, C. Zhang, I. Hussain, X. Wang, B. Tan, SusMat 4 (2024) e220.
[82] W. Zhang, G. Liu, Chin. J. Catal. 66(2024) 76-109.
[83] G.A.B.Azizar, J. Hong, J.Mater. Sci. Technol. 168(2024) 103-113.
[84] X. Sun, L. Li, S. Jin, W. Shao, H. Wang, X. Zhang, Y. Xie, eScience 3 (2023) 10 0 095.
[85] Tengfei Ma, Zihao Jiao, Haoran Qiu, Feng Wang, Ya Liu, Liejin Guo, eScience 4 (2024) 100246.
[86] Q. Xiao, T. Liu, Q. Zhou, L. Li, D. Gao, D. Li, F. You, C. Chang, Chem. Res. Chin. Univ. 40(2024) 4 84-4 89.
[87] S. Shaheen, S. Xu, J. Bian, A. Zada, Z.-Q. Zhang, Y. Qu, L.-Q. Jing, Rare Metals 43 (2024) 1580-1588.
[88] Y. Yang, L. Guo, X. Wang, Z. Li, W. Zhou, Adv. Powder Mater. 3(2024) 100178.
[89] Long Chen, M.A. Maigbay, Miao Li, Xiaoqing Qiu, Adv.Powder Mater. 3(2024) 100150.
[90] L. Zhang, J. Zhang, H. Yu, J. Yu, Adv. Mater. 34(2022) 2107668.
[91] X. Song, X. Li, B. Zhu, S. Sun, Z. Chen, L. Zhang, Adv. Fiber Mater. 6(2024) 1569-1582.
[92] J. Jiang, C. Liu, X. Fang, F. Zhang, Sustain. Energ. Fuels 7 (2023) 3972-3980.
[93] Y. Hu, P. Deng, W. Wang, L. Zhang, Y. Hou, ACS Appl. Energy Mater. 6(2023) 11135-11145.
[94] S.-X. Yuan, K.Su, Y.-X. Feng, M. Zhang, T.-B. Lu, Chin. Chem. Lett. 34(2023) 107682.
[95] Y. Xia, K. Zhang, H. Yang, L. Shi, Q. Yi, Acta Phys.-Chim.Sin. 40(2024) 2407012.
[96] X. Li, W. Zhang, F. Yang, S. Yao, L. Li, X. An, Baojuan Xi, S. Xiong, C. An, Adv. Energy Mater. (2024) 2401877.
[97] M.J. Molaei, J. Am. Ceram.Soc. 107(2024) 5695-5719.
[98] J. Yan, J. Zhang, J. Mater. Sci.Technol. 193(2024) 18-21.

Manipulating interfacial charge redistribution in Mn_0.5Cd_0.5S/N-rich C₃N₅ S-scheme heterojunction for high-performance photocatalytic removal of emerging contaminants

PDF (PC)

Knowledge

Abstract

Cite this article

share this article

References

Related Articles 15

Recommended Articles

Metrics

Comments

[1]	Changjun You, Xinlei Zhang, Yiqian Zhao, Ruyu Yan, Yunwang Shen, Qingquan Xue, Wenyao Li, Tong Liu, Jianhui Jiang, Xiaobo Chen, Shijie Li. Plasmonic effect augmented S-scheme mechanism in Ag/Ag₂O/C₃N₅ photocatalyst enables efficient photocatalytic degradation of antibiotics [J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2026, 242(0): 64-74.
[2]	Zhigang Wang, Chuanbiao Bie. HOF/COF 2D/2D S-scheme heterojunction for photocatalytic H₂ production [J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2026, 243(0): 206-208.
[3]	Yu Che, Ke Wang, Cong Wang, Bo Weng, Shifu Chen, Sugang Meng. Lattice match-enabled Zn₃In₂S₆@CdS S-scheme heterojunction with S covalent bond bridge for simultaneous H₂O₂ photosynthesis and H₂ production [J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2026, 243(0): 228-236.
[4]	Minghe Du, Songyu Yang, Jianjun Zhang, Dmitrii A. Syrtsov, Jahan B. Ghasemi, Matvey V. Fedin, Liuyang Zhang. Hyper-release regulation of localized surface plasmon resonance in tungsten oxide for efficient S-scheme heterojunction photocatalysts [J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2026, 243(0): 245-255.
[5]	Libo Wang, Jinsheng Zhao. Organic/inorganic composite S-scheme photocatalyst with enhanced light absorption and H₂O₂-production activity [J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2026, 241(0): 18-20.
[6]	Chenchen Jiang, Chengcheng Yuan, Kaiqiang Xu, Xin Zhou, Chuanbiao Bie. High-energy anti-Kasha excited states induced by cross-interface secondary electron pumping in S-scheme heterojunctions [J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2025, 231(0): 36-44.
[7]	Bowen Liu, Kai Meng, Bei Cheng, Lei Wang, Guijie Liang, Chuanbiao Bie. Prolonging charge carrier lifetime in S-scheme heterojunctions via ligand-to-metal charge transfer of Ni-MOF for photocatalytic H₂ production and simultaneous benzylamine coupling [J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2025, 231(0): 286-295.
[8]	Bin Qi, Rongchen Shen, Zhiqiang Ren, Yuan Teng, Huiling Ding, Xin Zhang, Youzi Zhang, Lei Hao, Xin Li. Bifunctional S-scheme sp²-carbon COF/CdS heterojunction for efficient photocatalytic H₂ evolution and C-C coupling of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural [J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2025, 232(0): 65-73.
[9]	Mian Wei, Xin Zhou, Chang Cheng, Jianjun Zhang, Chuanjia Jiang, Bei Cheng. One-step ultrasonic synthesis and fs-TAS investigation of C₃N₄ nanosheet/thiophene-based polymer S-scheme photocatalyst for H₂ production [J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2025, 232(0): 302-312.
[10]	Zhenkun Liu, Yongxian Zhang, Youlin Wu, Bolin Yang, Zhengyu Zhou, Zhiliang Jin. In situ XPS evidence of fully conjugated COF and C₃N₄ construct S-scheme heterojunction boosting photogenerated carriers transfer and separate for efficiently photocatalytic hydrogen evolution [J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2025, 233(0): 48-57.
[11]	Chensheng Zhou, Man Zhou, Kangqiang Lu, Weiya Huang, Changlin Yu, Kai Yang. Electrostatic self-assembly of MnIn₂S₄@BiVO₄ S-scheme heterojunction for photothermal-enhanced photocatalytic antibiotic removal with the boosted spatial charge separation [J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2025, 233(0): 166-178.
[12]	Yang Liu, Meng Li, Tao Liu, Zhen Wu, Liuyang Zhang. Enhanced charge carrier transport in TiO₂/COF S-scheme heterojunction for efficient photocatalytic H₂O₂ production [J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2025, 233(0): 201-209.
[13]	Huili Ran, Xue Liu, Langhuan Ye, Jiajie Fan, Bicheng Zhu, Quanlong Xu, Yuechang Wei. Construction of CYANO-COF/ZnIn₂S₄ S-scheme heterojunction for boosted photocatalytic hydrogen generation [J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2025, 234(0): 24-30.
[14]	Difa Xu, Rongan He,Zhifeng Jiang. Exploring charge transfer dynamics at S-scheme heterojunction interfaces with advanced EPR [J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2025, 236(0): 280-283.
[15]	Xukai Xia,Yanyan Jia,Weikang Wang, Jifang Zhang, Lele Wang, Qinqin Liu. Constructing surface oxygen vacancy-rich ln₂O_3-_x/tubular carbon nitride S-scheme heterojunction for selective biomass-derivative oxidation coupled with H₂ production [J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2025, 236(0): 301-309.