J. Mater. Sci. Technol. ›› 2021, Vol. 63: 182-191.DOI: 10.1016/j.jmst.2020.02.086
• Research Article • Previous Articles Next Articles
Chang Liu, Jiachuan Hua, Pui Fai Ng, Bin Fei*(
)
Received:2019-11-17
Revised:2020-02-15
Accepted:2020-02-23
Published:2021-02-10
Online:2021-02-15
Contact:
Bin Fei
About author:*E-mail address: tcfeib@polyu.edu.hk (B. Fei).Chang Liu, Jiachuan Hua, Pui Fai Ng, Bin Fei. Photochemistry of bioinspired dityrosine crosslinking[J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2021, 63: 182-191.
Fig. 1. (a) The structure of Ru(II)bpy32+. (b) The proposed mechanism of Ru(II)bpy32+-mediated photo-crosslinking method. Reproduced with permission [26]. Copyright 1999, National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A..
| Catalyst (concentration) | Oxidant (concentration) | Protein (concentration) | Photon | Light source | Distance and time | Result | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ru(bpy)3Cl2 (1 mM) | ammonium persulfate (10 mM) | peptide (0.2-2 mg/mL) | - | L1 | 6 min | the robust stability (under various pH and organic solvents) | [ |
| [Ru(bpy)3]2+ (2 mM) | ammonium persulfate (10-20 mM) | rec1-resilin (200 mg/mL) | 300-1200 nm | L2 | 8-15 cm and10-60 s | the excellent resilience | [ |
| Ru(bpy)3Cl2 (0.125 mM) | ammonium persulfate (2.5 mM) | protein (0.01-20 mM) | 380-2500 nm | L3 | 50 cm and 0.5 s | design and develop a type of protein cross-linking reaction | [ |
| [Ru(bpy)3]2+ (400 μM) | ammonium persulfate (100-200 mM) | silk protein (50-200 mg/mL) | - | L4 | 3 cm and 10 min | high water content and compressive modulus ～349 ± 64 MPa at 15 % strain | [ |
| [Ru(bpy)3]2+ (0.16-10 mM) | ammonium persulphate (20-100 mM) | silk fibroin (10-300 mg/mL) | - | L5 | 180 s | tunable mechanical properties and water uptake capacity | [ |
| Ru(bpy)3Cl2 (2 mM) | sodium persulfate (10-50 mM) | rec-1 and An16 (10 mg/mL); collagen | 430-480 nm | L6 | 15-50 mm and 20 s | improve stabilization of tissues | [ |
| Ru(bpy)3Cl2 (1 mM) | sodium persulfate (20-40 mM) | α-keratose (100 mM) | 300-1200 nm | L7 | 15 cm and 1 min | biocompatibility and moderate mechanical properties | [ |
| [Ru(bpy)3]2+ (2 mM) | sodium persulfate (20 mM) | fibrinogen (100-150 mg/mL) | - | L8 | 15 cm and 20 s | high mechanical properties and no cytotoxicity | [ |
| [Ru(bpy)3]2+ (1 mM) | sodium persulfate (20 mM) | gelatin (100-175 mg/mL) | 300-1200 nm | L9 | 150 mm and 30 s | highly elastic tissue sealant | [ |
| RuBPY (5 mM) | ammonium persulphate (28 mM) | silk fibroin (200 mg/mL) | - | L10 | 150 s | Young’s modulus ～8 MPa and tensile toughness ～2.4 MJ/m3 | [ |
| [Ru(bpy)3]2+ (5 × 10-6 M) | ammonium persulphate (1.25 × 10-4 M) | SP1S98Y (10 -5 M) | - | L11 | 20 cm | prominent structural stability | [ |
| [Ru(bpy)3]2+ (5 mM) | ammonium persulphate (28 mM) | silk fibroin (150 mg/mL); rec1-resilin (20 mg/mL) | - | L12 | 150-180 s | strong mechanical properties | [ |
| [Ru(bpy)3]2+ (1 mM) | sodium persulfate (50 mM) | silk fibroin | 450 nm | - | 60 s | remarkable mechanical properties and biocatalyst for CO2 | [ |
| Ru(II)bpy32+ (2 mM) | sodium persulfate (10-30 mM) | recombinant mussel adhesive proteins | 460 nm | L13 | 20 mm and 60 s | strong wet tissue adhesion | [ |
| Ru(bpy)3Cl2 (3.3 μL, 27.6 mM) | ammonium persulfate (15.6 μL, 178 mM) | FmocFFGGGY DMSO (15 μL, 100 mg/mL) | - | L14 | - | high mechanical properties | [ |
| Ru(bpy)3Cl2 (8 μL, 18.9 mM) | ammonium persulfate (16 μL, 273.9 mM). | peptide (0.8 wt%) | - | L15 | - | elastomeric peptide hydrogel with controlled CO-release | [ |
| Ru(II)bpy32+ (1 mM) | sodium persulfate (40 mM) | marine-derived aneroin protein (10-30 wt/vot) | 452 | L16 | - | biocompatible and 3D printable ink | [ |
| Ru(bpy)3Cl2 (1.5 mg/mL) | sodium persulfate (2.4 mg/mL) | bovine fibrinogen (2 mg/mL) | 465 | L17 | 20 s | enhanced the fiber density and mechanical stiffness | [ |
Table 1 Regulating factors of photo-crosslinking in the ruthenium-mediated method.
| Catalyst (concentration) | Oxidant (concentration) | Protein (concentration) | Photon | Light source | Distance and time | Result | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ru(bpy)3Cl2 (1 mM) | ammonium persulfate (10 mM) | peptide (0.2-2 mg/mL) | - | L1 | 6 min | the robust stability (under various pH and organic solvents) | [ |
| [Ru(bpy)3]2+ (2 mM) | ammonium persulfate (10-20 mM) | rec1-resilin (200 mg/mL) | 300-1200 nm | L2 | 8-15 cm and10-60 s | the excellent resilience | [ |
| Ru(bpy)3Cl2 (0.125 mM) | ammonium persulfate (2.5 mM) | protein (0.01-20 mM) | 380-2500 nm | L3 | 50 cm and 0.5 s | design and develop a type of protein cross-linking reaction | [ |
| [Ru(bpy)3]2+ (400 μM) | ammonium persulfate (100-200 mM) | silk protein (50-200 mg/mL) | - | L4 | 3 cm and 10 min | high water content and compressive modulus ～349 ± 64 MPa at 15 % strain | [ |
| [Ru(bpy)3]2+ (0.16-10 mM) | ammonium persulphate (20-100 mM) | silk fibroin (10-300 mg/mL) | - | L5 | 180 s | tunable mechanical properties and water uptake capacity | [ |
| Ru(bpy)3Cl2 (2 mM) | sodium persulfate (10-50 mM) | rec-1 and An16 (10 mg/mL); collagen | 430-480 nm | L6 | 15-50 mm and 20 s | improve stabilization of tissues | [ |
| Ru(bpy)3Cl2 (1 mM) | sodium persulfate (20-40 mM) | α-keratose (100 mM) | 300-1200 nm | L7 | 15 cm and 1 min | biocompatibility and moderate mechanical properties | [ |
| [Ru(bpy)3]2+ (2 mM) | sodium persulfate (20 mM) | fibrinogen (100-150 mg/mL) | - | L8 | 15 cm and 20 s | high mechanical properties and no cytotoxicity | [ |
| [Ru(bpy)3]2+ (1 mM) | sodium persulfate (20 mM) | gelatin (100-175 mg/mL) | 300-1200 nm | L9 | 150 mm and 30 s | highly elastic tissue sealant | [ |
| RuBPY (5 mM) | ammonium persulphate (28 mM) | silk fibroin (200 mg/mL) | - | L10 | 150 s | Young’s modulus ～8 MPa and tensile toughness ～2.4 MJ/m3 | [ |
| [Ru(bpy)3]2+ (5 × 10-6 M) | ammonium persulphate (1.25 × 10-4 M) | SP1S98Y (10 -5 M) | - | L11 | 20 cm | prominent structural stability | [ |
| [Ru(bpy)3]2+ (5 mM) | ammonium persulphate (28 mM) | silk fibroin (150 mg/mL); rec1-resilin (20 mg/mL) | - | L12 | 150-180 s | strong mechanical properties | [ |
| [Ru(bpy)3]2+ (1 mM) | sodium persulfate (50 mM) | silk fibroin | 450 nm | - | 60 s | remarkable mechanical properties and biocatalyst for CO2 | [ |
| Ru(II)bpy32+ (2 mM) | sodium persulfate (10-30 mM) | recombinant mussel adhesive proteins | 460 nm | L13 | 20 mm and 60 s | strong wet tissue adhesion | [ |
| Ru(bpy)3Cl2 (3.3 μL, 27.6 mM) | ammonium persulfate (15.6 μL, 178 mM) | FmocFFGGGY DMSO (15 μL, 100 mg/mL) | - | L14 | - | high mechanical properties | [ |
| Ru(bpy)3Cl2 (8 μL, 18.9 mM) | ammonium persulfate (16 μL, 273.9 mM). | peptide (0.8 wt%) | - | L15 | - | elastomeric peptide hydrogel with controlled CO-release | [ |
| Ru(II)bpy32+ (1 mM) | sodium persulfate (40 mM) | marine-derived aneroin protein (10-30 wt/vot) | 452 | L16 | - | biocompatible and 3D printable ink | [ |
| Ru(bpy)3Cl2 (1.5 mg/mL) | sodium persulfate (2.4 mg/mL) | bovine fibrinogen (2 mg/mL) | 465 | L17 | 20 s | enhanced the fiber density and mechanical stiffness | [ |
| photoinitiator (concentration) | Protein (concentration) | Photon | Light source | Distance and time | Result | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| riboflavin 5′-monophosphate (0.2 -2 mM) | silk fibroin (5-6 wt.%) | 450 nm | L1 | 0-60 min | form a tight association with native corneal collagen. | [ |
| riboflavin (0.1 %)/riboflavin 5′-phosphate (0.5 %) | corneal | 365-370 nm | L2 | 30 min | corneal wound repair | [ |
| riboflavin 5′-phosphate sodium salt hydrate (0.001-0.1 %) | collagen (0.27 % w/v) | - | L3 | 1-5 min | improve mechanical properties | [ |
| riboflavin 5-monophosphate sodium salt dihydrate (0.1-1.0 mM) | bovine type I collagen (0.5 %) | 475 nm | L4 | 40-600 s | no cytotoxicity | [ |
| riboflavin (0.25 mM) | rat-tail single molecule collagen type I (2.08 mg/mL) | 465 nm | L5 | 10 cm and 2.5- 30 min | improve mechanical properties | [ |
| riboflavin 5′-monophosphate sodium salt hydrate (2 wt%) | collagen | - | L6 | 54 mm and 30 s | cytocompatibility and improve mechanical and thermal properties. | [ |
| riboflavin-5-phosphate (0.1 %) | dentin collagen- matrix and resin/dentin interface | 368 nm | L7 | 1 cm amd 2 min | stabilize the collagen fibrillar network and enhance resin infiltration and hybrid layer formation | [ |
| riboflavin (5-40 μM, pH～7.5) | HMWK (500-600 nmoles) | - | L8 | 1 cm and 0-60 min | susceptibility of HMWK to oxidation may arise from oxidative modifications | [ |
| riboflavin (25 μM, pH～7.4) | collagen (0.5 mg/mL) | 365 nm | L9 | 2 h | study the mechanism of riboflavin-sensitized photodynamic modification of collagen | [ |
| riboflavin (1 mM) and sodium persulfate (200 mM) | keratin (4% wt/vol) | - | L10 | 6-96 min | property can be controlled by crosslinking degree | [ |
| flavin mononucleotide (1 × 10-3 M) | PEG8NB (2.5 wt%) and peptide (5 × 10-3 M) | 440 nm | L11 | 1-5 min | stiffening gels with highly cytocompatible | [ |
| riboflavin-5′ sodium phosphate (0.1 mM) | silk fibroin (10-50 mg/mL) | 365 nm | L12 | 30 min | highly elastomeric photocurable hydrogels | [ |
Table 2 Regulating factors of photo-crosslinking in the riboflavin-mediated method.
| photoinitiator (concentration) | Protein (concentration) | Photon | Light source | Distance and time | Result | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| riboflavin 5′-monophosphate (0.2 -2 mM) | silk fibroin (5-6 wt.%) | 450 nm | L1 | 0-60 min | form a tight association with native corneal collagen. | [ |
| riboflavin (0.1 %)/riboflavin 5′-phosphate (0.5 %) | corneal | 365-370 nm | L2 | 30 min | corneal wound repair | [ |
| riboflavin 5′-phosphate sodium salt hydrate (0.001-0.1 %) | collagen (0.27 % w/v) | - | L3 | 1-5 min | improve mechanical properties | [ |
| riboflavin 5-monophosphate sodium salt dihydrate (0.1-1.0 mM) | bovine type I collagen (0.5 %) | 475 nm | L4 | 40-600 s | no cytotoxicity | [ |
| riboflavin (0.25 mM) | rat-tail single molecule collagen type I (2.08 mg/mL) | 465 nm | L5 | 10 cm and 2.5- 30 min | improve mechanical properties | [ |
| riboflavin 5′-monophosphate sodium salt hydrate (2 wt%) | collagen | - | L6 | 54 mm and 30 s | cytocompatibility and improve mechanical and thermal properties. | [ |
| riboflavin-5-phosphate (0.1 %) | dentin collagen- matrix and resin/dentin interface | 368 nm | L7 | 1 cm amd 2 min | stabilize the collagen fibrillar network and enhance resin infiltration and hybrid layer formation | [ |
| riboflavin (5-40 μM, pH～7.5) | HMWK (500-600 nmoles) | - | L8 | 1 cm and 0-60 min | susceptibility of HMWK to oxidation may arise from oxidative modifications | [ |
| riboflavin (25 μM, pH～7.4) | collagen (0.5 mg/mL) | 365 nm | L9 | 2 h | study the mechanism of riboflavin-sensitized photodynamic modification of collagen | [ |
| riboflavin (1 mM) and sodium persulfate (200 mM) | keratin (4% wt/vol) | - | L10 | 6-96 min | property can be controlled by crosslinking degree | [ |
| flavin mononucleotide (1 × 10-3 M) | PEG8NB (2.5 wt%) and peptide (5 × 10-3 M) | 440 nm | L11 | 1-5 min | stiffening gels with highly cytocompatible | [ |
| riboflavin-5′ sodium phosphate (0.1 mM) | silk fibroin (10-50 mg/mL) | 365 nm | L12 | 30 min | highly elastomeric photocurable hydrogels | [ |
Fig. 2. (a) The structure of rifoflavin. (b) The proposed mechanism of rifoflavin-mediated photo-crosslinking method. Reproduced with permission [56]. Copyright 2016, American Chemical Society.
Fig. 3. (a) Fabrication of the hydrogel through photo-chemical and physical crosslinking. (b) Photographs of the hydrogel undergoing ～60 % compression. (c) Representative compressive stress-strain curve and (d) compressive modulus of the hydrogel. Reproduced with permission [12]. Copyright 2017, Springer Nature.
Fig. 4. (a) Brightfield microscope image of a high-resolution pattern of silk gel produced by photolithography and (b) histologic inspection of silk (indicated by the bracket) attached to corneal collagen. Reproduced with permission [38]. Copyright 2016, John Wiley and Sons.
Fig. 5. (a) The chemical structure of eosin Y. Reproduced with permission [66]. Copyright 2008, American Chemical Society. Chemical structures of (b) camphorquinone and (c) diphenyl iodonium hexafluorophosphate. Reproduced with permission [67]. Copyright 2019, American Chemical Society.
Fig. 6. Covalently assembled (b) nanocapsules and (c) thin films by the (a) tyrosine-rich short peptide (YYAYY). (d) Fluorescence image and (e) representative load-depth curve of the film measured by nanoindentation. Reproduced with permission [21]. Copyright 2016, John Wiley and Sons. Frequency sweep rheology of i-CORH (f) before and (g) after photo-crosslinking at a strain of 0.05 %. (h) Stability test of CORH in water over time. Reproduced with permission [61]. Copyright 2019, Royal Society of Chemistry.
Fig. 7. (a) Rheological measurements of suckerin-19 hydrogels and (b) elastic modulus of suckerin-19 films. (c) The comparison of elasticity between biological tissues and suckerin-19, illustrating suckerin-19 can be tailored to match biological tissues like soft tissues, stiffer ligament and muscle tissues. Reproduced with permission [3]. Copyright 2015, John Wiley and Sons.
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