Nanomaterial Labels in Lateral Flow Immunoassays for Point-of-Care-Testing

doi:10.1016/j.jmst.2020.06.003

Abstract

Abstract:

Lateral flow immunoassays (LFIAs) have been developed rapidly in recent years and used in a wide range of application at point-of-care-testing (POCT), where small biomolecules can be conveniently examined on a test strip. Compared with other biochemical detection methods such as ELISA (enzyme linked immunosorbent assay) or mass spectrometry method, LFIAs have the advantages of low cost, easy operation and short time-consuming. However, it suffers from low sensitivity since conventional LFIA can only realize qualitative detection based on colorimetric signals. With the increasing demand for more accurate and sensitive determination, novel nanomaterials have been used as labels in LFIAs due to their unique advantages in physical and chemical properties. Colloidal gold, fluorescent nanoparticles, SERS-active nanomaterials, magnetic nanoparticles and carbon nanomaterials are utilized in LFIAs to produce different kinds of signals for quantitative or semi-quantitative detection. This review paper first gives a description of the LFIA principles, and then focuses on the state-of-the-art nanomaterial labelling technology in LFIAs. At last, the conclusion and outlook are given to inspire exploration of more advanced nanomaterials for the development of future LFIAs.

Key words: lateral flow immunoassays (LFIA), point-of-care-testing (POCT), nanomaterial labelling technology, quantitative detection

Jiuchuan Guo, Shuqin Chen, Jinhong Guo, Xing Ma. Nanomaterial Labels in Lateral Flow Immunoassays for Point-of-Care-Testing[J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2021, 60: 90-104.

Figures/Tables 18

Table 1 Physical parameters comparisons among each nanoparticles

	Cost-effective	Stability	Quantitative detection	Environmentally friendly	Easy operation
AuNPs	***	***	*	**	***
QDs	**	**	**	*	**
UCPs	**	***	***	**	*
TRFNPs	*	**	***	**	*
SERS NPs	*	**	***	**	*
MNPs	**	**	***	**	**
CNPs	***	***	**	***	***

Table 2 Components of LFIA test strips.

Components	Functions	Material
Sample pad	Dispersing the liquid sample to uniformly and controllably flow into the conjugate pad	Cellulose film, polyester fiber film, glass cellulose film, etc.
Conjugate pad	Serving as a carrier for storing and delivering labeled antibody conjugates	Cellulose film, polyester fiber film, glass cellulose film, etc.
NC membrane	Place of immune response and signal detection	Nitrocellulose membrane
Absorption pad	Absorbing sample liquid that flows through	Plant fiber filter paper

Fig. 3. SPALS-based LFIA system schematic: (a) The smartphone-based optical reader; (b) The working principle of the SPALS-based LFIA system. (c) In the case that the transmitted light intensity was low; (d) In the case that the transmitted light intensity was high. (Reprinted with permission from [37] Copyright 2018 Elsevier B.V.).

Fig. 4. (a) Evolution of the absorption photoluminescent spectra upon consecutive change of CdxZn1 - xS. (b) Evolution of the quantum yields upon number of shell monolayer. (c) Evolution of the photoluminescent quantum yields upon repeated precipitation of ZnSe/3CdSe (black squares) and ZnSe/3CdSe/CdxZn1 - xS/ZnS (red dots) core/shell QDs. (Reprinted with permission from [58] Copyright 2011 IOP).

Fig. 9. Schematic of TRFIA labelling technology based on magnetic particles for the simultaneous detection of AFP and hCG. (Reprinted with permission from [95] Copyright The Royal Society of Chemistry 2013).

Fig. 10. a) The illustration of preparation process of flower-like gold nanoparticles. b) The structure of the SERS-LFIA strip and the principle of competitive detecting format. (Reprinted with permission from [108] Copyright Springer-Verlag Wien 2017).

Fig. 11. Comparison among four kinds of SERS labels in terms of photograph and optical intensities. (Reprinted with permission from [111] Copyright Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2018).

Fig. 12. Portable Raman reader for SERS-LFIA testing. (a) Schematic representation of the setup (b) SERS detecting results on the test strips. (c) The size of the 785 nm diode laser. (Reprinted with permission from [115]. Copyright Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim).

Table 3 Comparison between CG-LFIAs and alternate nanoparticles labelled LFIAs in terms of sensitivity and quantification.

Target Analyte	Detection Sensitivity and Quantitative Range
Target Analyte	Gold Standard (CG-LFIAs)	FLFIAs (QDs, UCPs, TRFNPs)	SERS-LFIAs	MLFIAs	CLFIAs
ENR	0.138 μg/kg, none	1 μg/L, none (QDs)
AIV	AIV(NDV) sample diluted to 2^-12 (2^-10), none	0.09 ng/mL, 0.27-12 ng/mL (QDs)
DON	100 μg/kg, none	50 μg/kg, none (QDs)			20 μg/kg, 18.75 - 600 μg/kg
ZEN	20 ng/mL, 5-200 ng/mL	59.15 pg/mL, 0.1-15 ng/mL (QDs)			1 μg/kg 0.938 - 30 μg/kg
AFB1	0.5 ng/mL, none	1.65 pg/mL, 2-300 pg/mL (QDs)
AFB1	0.5 ng/mL, none	0.03 ng/mL, 0.03-1000 ng/mL (UCPs)
V. cholerae O139	1 cfu/mL, none	10⁴ CFU/mL, 10⁵-10⁸ CFU/mL (UCPs)
PVX	0.3 ng/mL, 0.3-80 ng/mL			0.25 ng/mL, 0.25-16 ng /mL
AFP	0.3 ng/mL, none	0.05 ng/mL, 0.1-750 ng/mL (TRFNPs)
hCG	2.3 mIU/mL, 10-120 mIU/mL	10 pg/100 μl, none (UCPs)	1.6 mIU/mL, 1.6-1679 mIU/mL	45.6 mIU/mL, 45.6-230 mIU/mL
hCG	2.3 mIU/mL, 10-120 mIU/mL	0.08 ng/mL, 0.16-450 ng/mL (TRFNPs)	1.6 mIU/mL, 1.6-1679 mIU/mL	45.6 mIU/mL, 45.6-230 mIU/mL
CEA	4.6 pg/mL, 0.01-50 ng/mL	0.35 ng/mL, 2.8-680 ng/mL (QDs)		0.045 ng/mL, 0.045-100 ng/mL
NEO	100 ng/mL, 0-50 ng/mL		0.37 pg/mL, 1-1000 pg/mL
RAC	40.1 pg/mL, 25-2500 pg/mL	23.6 pg/mL, 25-2500 pg/mL (QDs)
RAC	40.1 pg/mL, 25-2500 pg/mL	7.2 pg/mL, 5-2500 pg/mL (TRFNPs)
SEB	1ng/mL, none		0.001 ng/mL, none
L. monocytogenes	3.9 × 10⁵ CFU/mL, none		19 CFU/mL, 19-1.9 × 10⁴ CFU/mL	3.5 × 10³ CFU/mL, none

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