材料科学与技术 ›› 2020, Vol. 48 ›› Issue (0): 72-83.DOI: 10.1016/j.jmst.2020.01.055
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收稿日期:2019-12-06接受日期:2020-01-31出版日期:2020-07-01发布日期:2020-07-13
Methanogenic archaea and sulfate reducing bacteria induce severe corrosion of steel pipelines after hydrostatic testing
Enze Zhoua,b, Jianjun Wangb,a, Masoumeh Moradia,b, Huabing Lia,*(
), Dake Xua,b,**(), Yuntian Louc, Jinheng Luod, Lifeng Lid, Yulei Wange, Zhenguo Yangf, Fuhui Wanga,b, Jessica A. Smithg
- a Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
b Key Laboratory for Anisotrotropy and Texture of Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
c Corrosion and Protection Center, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
d CNPC Tubular Goods Research Institute, Xian 710065, China
e CNPC Pipeline Construction Administration Department, Beijing 100101, China
f Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
g Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Central Connecticut State University, 1615 Stanley Street, New Britain, CT 06050, USA
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Received:2019-12-06Accepted:2020-01-31Online:2020-07-01Published:2020-07-13 -
Contact:Huabing Li,Dake Xu
引用本文
. [J]. 材料科学与技术, 2020, 48(0): 72-83.
Enze Zhou, Jianjun Wang, Masoumeh Moradi, Huabing Li, Dake Xu, Yuntian Lou, Jinheng Luo, Lifeng Li, Yulei Wang, Zhenguo Yang, Fuhui Wang, Jessica A. Smith. Methanogenic archaea and sulfate reducing bacteria induce severe corrosion of steel pipelines after hydrostatic testing[J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2020, 48(0): 72-83.
| Composition | Groundwater (GW) | Lake water (LW) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nitrate | mg/L | 0.030 | 0.036 |
| Fluoride | mg/L | 0.347 | 0.437 |
| Sulfate | mg/L | 44.4 | 236 |
| Chloride | mg/L | 84.0 | 0.09 |
| Phosphate | mg/L | 1.19 | 0.899 |
| Cadmium (Cd) | μg/L | <0.05 | 5.2 |
| Iron (Fe) | μg/L | 12.2 | 4.4 × 104 |
| Manganese (Mn) | μg/L | 2.3 | 95.6 |
| Lead (Pb) | μg/L | 1.1 | <0.09 |
| Copper (Cu) | μg/L | 2.2 | 1.65 |
| Zinc (Zn) | μg/L | 1.6 | 0.93 |
| Molybdenum (Mo) | μg/L | 0.436 | 65.3 |
| Aluminum (Al) | μg/L | 36.1 | 3.42 |
Table 1 Chemical composition of groundwater (GW) and untreated lake water (LW) used in this study.
| Composition | Groundwater (GW) | Lake water (LW) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nitrate | mg/L | 0.030 | 0.036 |
| Fluoride | mg/L | 0.347 | 0.437 |
| Sulfate | mg/L | 44.4 | 236 |
| Chloride | mg/L | 84.0 | 0.09 |
| Phosphate | mg/L | 1.19 | 0.899 |
| Cadmium (Cd) | μg/L | <0.05 | 5.2 |
| Iron (Fe) | μg/L | 12.2 | 4.4 × 104 |
| Manganese (Mn) | μg/L | 2.3 | 95.6 |
| Lead (Pb) | μg/L | 1.1 | <0.09 |
| Copper (Cu) | μg/L | 2.2 | 1.65 |
| Zinc (Zn) | μg/L | 1.6 | 0.93 |
| Molybdenum (Mo) | μg/L | 0.436 | 65.3 |
| Aluminum (Al) | μg/L | 36.1 | 3.42 |
Fig. 1. Relative distribution of (a) bacterial and (b) archaeal 16S rRNA gene sequences at the genus level in the raw LW used for this study.
Fig. 2. FESEM images of X52 steel surfaces after (a) exposing to LW for 14 days, (b) exposing to LW for 30 days, (c) exposing to GW for 14 days, (d) exposing to GW for 30 days, (e) removal of the biofilm from coupons exposed to LW for 14 days, and (f) removal of the biofilm from coupons exposed to LW for 30 days.
| C | N | O | P | S | Na | Cl | Cr | Mn | Fe | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LW-14 days | 18.34 | 3.10 | 35.93 | 8.83 | 2.47 | 4.43 | — | — | 0.22 | 26.68 |
| LW-30 days | 33.43 | 5.66 | 27.74 | 1.62 | 7.32 | 1.18 | — | — | 0.18 | 22.87 |
| GW-14 days | 11.09 | 0.02 | 9.60 | 0.04 | 0.01 | — | 0.48 | 0.01 | 1.13 | 77.61 |
| GW-30 days | 7.69 | 0.03 | 5.11 | 0.30 | — | — | — | 0.30 | 1.00 | 85.56 |
| LW washed- 14 days | 5.75 | — | 1.92 | — | — | — | — | — | 1.26 | 91.07 |
| LW washed- 30 days | 4.41 | — | 2.66 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 92.93 |
Table 2 EDS analysis (wt.%) of exposed surfaces of the X52 steel coupons after exposure to LW or GW after 14 or 30 days.
| C | N | O | P | S | Na | Cl | Cr | Mn | Fe | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LW-14 days | 18.34 | 3.10 | 35.93 | 8.83 | 2.47 | 4.43 | — | — | 0.22 | 26.68 |
| LW-30 days | 33.43 | 5.66 | 27.74 | 1.62 | 7.32 | 1.18 | — | — | 0.18 | 22.87 |
| GW-14 days | 11.09 | 0.02 | 9.60 | 0.04 | 0.01 | — | 0.48 | 0.01 | 1.13 | 77.61 |
| GW-30 days | 7.69 | 0.03 | 5.11 | 0.30 | — | — | — | 0.30 | 1.00 | 85.56 |
| LW washed- 14 days | 5.75 | — | 1.92 | — | — | — | — | — | 1.26 | 91.07 |
| LW washed- 30 days | 4.41 | — | 2.66 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 92.93 |
| Elements | Fe | Cr | P | Cl | S | N | O | C |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 14 days | ||||||||
| LW | 23.57 | — | 1.17 | 0.70 | 0.93 | 2.25 | 42.72 | 28.66 |
| GW | 27.10 | 0.88 | — | — | — | — | 51.60 | 20.42 |
| 30 days | ||||||||
| LW | 11.21 | — | 1.72 | — | 9.92 | 7.85 | 10.36 | 58.94 |
| GW | 14.17 | — | — | — | — | 10.22 | 36.45 | 39.16 |
Table 3 Element atomic percentages (%) measured by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) on coupons exposed to LW or GW for 14 and 30 days.
| Elements | Fe | Cr | P | Cl | S | N | O | C |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 14 days | ||||||||
| LW | 23.57 | — | 1.17 | 0.70 | 0.93 | 2.25 | 42.72 | 28.66 |
| GW | 27.10 | 0.88 | — | — | — | — | 51.60 | 20.42 |
| 30 days | ||||||||
| LW | 11.21 | — | 1.72 | — | 9.92 | 7.85 | 10.36 | 58.94 |
| GW | 14.17 | — | — | — | — | 10.22 | 36.45 | 39.16 |
Fig. 3. (a) S 2p peak of X52 steel coupon surfaces after exposure to LW solution for 30 days, (b) Fe 2p3/2 peak of X52 steel coupon surfaces after exposure to LW solution for 30 days, and (c) Fe 2p3/2 peak of X52 steel coupon surfaces after exposure to GW solution for 30 days.
Fig. 4. (a) Variation in pH of GW and LW after 14 and 30 days of laboratory hydrostatic testing. (b) Weight loss of triplicate X52 steel coupons after exposure to GW or LW after 14 and 30 days.
Fig. 5. CLSM images of X52 steel coupon surfaces after exposing in (a, b) LW solution for 14 and 30 days, or (c, d) after exposing in GW solution for 14 and 30 days.
Fig. 6. (a) Variation in OCP with exposure time, and polarization curves of X52 steel coupons after exposure to LW or GW solutions for (b) 14 and (c) 30 days.
| icorr (A/cm2) | Ecorr (V) vs. SCE | |
|---|---|---|
| 14 days | ||
| GW | 2.58 × 10-6 | -0.719 |
| LW | 1.74 × 10-5 | -0.738 |
| 30 days | ||
| GW | 6.56 × 10-6 | -0.903 |
| LW | 1.48 × 10-5 | -0.848 |
Table 4 Corrosion parameters obtained from dynamic potential polarization curves of X52 steel coupons exposed to GW or LW for 14 and 30 days, respectively.
| icorr (A/cm2) | Ecorr (V) vs. SCE | |
|---|---|---|
| 14 days | ||
| GW | 2.58 × 10-6 | -0.719 |
| LW | 1.74 × 10-5 | -0.738 |
| 30 days | ||
| GW | 6.56 × 10-6 | -0.903 |
| LW | 1.48 × 10-5 | -0.848 |
Fig. 7. Nyquist and Bode plots of X52 steel coupons after 30 days of exposure to (a, b) GW and (c, d) LW, respectively.
Fig. 8. Equivalent circuits used for simulating the impedance spectra (Fig. 7) of X52 steel coupons exposed in (a) GW for 30 days as well as LW for the first 20 days, and (b) LW solution after 20 days. Rs and Rct display the solution resistance and charge transfer resistance, respectively. Rf represents the film resistance, Qf represents the constant phase element of the surface film, Qd1 represents the constant-phase element, and W is Warburg element.
Fig. 9. Corrosion rates of X52 steel coupons exposed to GW or LW for 30 days measured by (a) Rp obtained by LPR, and (b) Rct obtained by EIS.
Fig. 10. Relative distribution of (a) bacterial and (b) archaeal 16S rRNA gene sequences at the genus level. LW1b represents microorganisms in biofilms attached to X52 steel coupon surfaces after exposure to LW without added culture media; LW2b represents microorganisms in biofilms attached to X52 steel coupon surfaces after exposure to LW with added 2216E culture media.
Fig. 11. Live/dead CLSM 3-D images of biofilms and biofilm thickness from (a) X52 steel exposed to LW1 for 14 days, (b) X52 steel exposed to LW2 for 14 days, (c) X52 steel exposed to LW1 for 30 days, and (d) X52 steel exposed in LW2 for 30 days. LW1 represents incubation in lake water alone, and LW2 represent incubation in lake water with added 2216E culture media.
Fig. 12. Schematic diagrams of the proposed methanogenic and SRB corrosion mechanisms in low organic carbon environments.
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