| Hyaluronic hydrogel covalently integrated with dexamethasone (DEX)-loaded block copolymer micelles (BCMs) | A force-induced reversible deformation of BCMs and the penetration of water into BCMs. | DEX release is controlled in a strain-dependent manner by external compression | Treatment of osteoarthritis-like symptoms with intra-articular hydrogel injections | [23] |
| Hydrogel physically and chemically attached with cargo-filled mechano-sensitive liposomes | Proper level of mechanical force applied to the hydrogel ruptures the liposomes and releases the cargo | Release increases with the increasing force (within 200 cycles, 0.016 % cargo release per cycle for 10 % strain and 0.034 % for 25 % strain, respectively) | A long-term intra-articular drug release | [24] |
| Polyacrylamide (PAAm) with pyrene-loaded BCMs | Stretch-induced reversible micelle deformation leads to a dynamic release of pyrene | In the presence of the selected stretching regimen, the amount of pyrene released during each stretch period at 60% strain was approximately two times higher than that at 30% strain, and 2.5 times higher than that by the static controls | Precise release of drug and therapeutic agents for tissue repair or regeneration | [25] |
| A highly stretchable elastomer imbedded with alginate microgels containing drug-encapsulated polymeric nanoparticles | The deformation of the enlarged surface area of microdepot under stretching of elastomer substrate facilitates the drug release | Tensile strain can effectively stimulate the release of DOX, with an increase in the release amount at a higher strain. An interval of 4 h was sufficient for the drug to “recharge” in the microdepots | ?
Skin-mountable device for treating skin diseases
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Delivery of drugs to the body through transcutaneous administration
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Integrated with | [26] |
| Highly textured superhydrophobic electrosprayed microparticle coatings with a cellulose/polyester core | Stretching induces formation of periodic parallel cracks in coating, leading to more exposure of the core surface to water | The release of entrapped cisplatin and 7-ethyl-10-hydroxycamptothecin was controlled by the magnitude of applied strain. Strain-dependent release rates depended on the lipophilicity of the drugs | Drug delivery applications to the tissue where periodic mechanical forces are generated | [27] |
| A drug-loaded polyurethane layer coated with a titanium layer | Under tensile strain, micro-sized cracks are generated and propagated in the titanium layer, acting as a channel for the drug molecules to diffuse into the surroundings | The amount of released drug increases with the applied strain. The drug release profile has a highly linear correlation with the ‘ratio of the exposed region under strain’ | Drug-releasing or -eluting stents. Self-administered drug delivery system for patients in emergency | [28] |
| Ceramic composite sponge (CCS) | The resilient nature and hierarchical pore structure allow liquids to flow in and out of CCS under cyclic compressive strains. Water content and strain are two logic control gates of release. | Achieved precise and logical release of both hydrophobic and hydrophilic molecules (about 100 nanogram/cycle) and fibroblasts (about 1400 cells/cycle) in proportion to the strains | Tissue engineering scaffold for bone, cartilage, blood vessel, muscle and myocardium repair by precise release of drugs or cells | [30] |
| Amide-bearing 1,3-dipalmitami dopropan-2-yl 2-(trimethylammonio)ethyl phosphate (Pad-PC-Pad) phospholipid vesicles | Under fluid shear stress, the lenticular shape of the liposomes leads to preferential breaking points along the vesicle’s equator | Pad-PC-Pad vesicles preferentially release drugs in response to high shear stress | Treating cardiovascular diseases in a targeted manner | [32] |
| Aggregates of multiple nanoparticles (NPs) immobilized with the tissue plasminogen activator | Microscale aggregates of nanoparticles break up into nanoscale components when exposed to abnormally high fluid shear stress | Pathological levels of shear caused large increase in the disintegration of the microscale aggregates into NPs compared to the physiological levels of shear | Thrombolytic therapies with high safety for administration of clot-busting drugs to patients with life-threatening clots | [34] |