Dynamic mechanical properties, deformation and damage mechanisms of eutectic high-entropy alloy AlCoCrFeNi2.1 under plate impact

doi:10.1016/j.jmst.2022.05.060

Abstract

Abstract:

Shock compression and spallation of a eutectic high-entropy alloy (HEA) AlCoCrFeNi₂_.₁ with lamellar structure are investigated via plate impact loading with free-surface velocity measurements. The as-cast and postmortem samples are characterized with transmission electron microscopy, electron back-scatter diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. An accurate Hugoniot equation of state is determined. After shock compression to ∼12 GPa, both the L1₂ and B₂ phases retain their ordered structures. Dense dislocations in the {111} slip planes, stacking faults and deformation twins are found in the L1₂ phase, along with fewer dislocations in the {110} slip bands in the B₂ phase. Shock-induced deformation twinning within the L1₂ phase of this HEA is observed as a new deformation mechanism under various loading conditions. For spallation, both ductile and brittle damage modes are observed. The micro voids and cracks prefer to nucleate at the phase boundaries chiefly, then in the B₂ phase. Under similar shock stress, the spall strength of AlCoCrFeNi₂_.₁ HEA is about 40% higher than those of other reported dual-phase HEAs due to the high stability of its semi-coherent phase boundaries.

Key words: High-entropy, alloy, Hugoniot, Spall, damage, Microstructure

S.P. Zhao, Z.D. Feng, L.X. Li, X.J. Zhao, L. Lu, S. Chen, N.B. Zhang, Y. Cai, S.N. Luo. Dynamic mechanical properties, deformation and damage mechanisms of eutectic high-entropy alloy AlCoCrFeNi₂_.₁ under plate impact[J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2023, 134: 178-188.

Figures/Tables 15

Fig. 1. Schematic setups for (a) Hugoniot equation of state experiments, (b) shock compression and recovery experiments, and (c) spallation and recovery experiments. 1: polycarbonate sabot; 2: flyer plate; 3: magnetic induction velocimeter; 4: driver plate; 5: AlCoCrFeNi2.1 EHEA sample; 6: sample holder; 7: optical fiber connected to a laser Doppler velocimeter (LDV); 8: recess for release waves; 9: momentum trap ring; 10: momentum trap plate; 11: soft materials; 12: thin turning mirror; 13: lens.

Table 1. Summary of the diameters and thicknesses of different plates in all three kinds of experiments, d: diameter, h: thickness.

Type	Flyer plate		Driver plate		Sample		Momentum trap plate
Empty Cell	d (mm)	h (mm)	d (mm)	h (mm)	d (mm)	h (mm)	d (mm)	h (mm)
Hugoniot EOS (low velocity)	26.7	2.0	22.1	2.0	13.1	3.0	-	-
Hugoniot EOS (high velocity)	18.9	2.0	22.1	2.0	13.1	3.0	-	-
Shock compression	13.3	2.0	-	-	10.0	1.0	10.0	3.0
Spallation	13.3	1.0	-	-	10.0	2.0	-	-

Fig. 2. TEM characterization of the as-cast AlCoCrFeNi2.1 EHEA. (a) Bright-field image of the lamellar structure. (b) and (c) Selected area electron diffraction (SAED) patterns corresponding to the L12 and B2 phases, respectively. Super-lattice diffraction spots are indicated by the blue and red circles, respectively. ZA: zone axis.

Fig. 3. EBSD characterization of the as-cast AlCoCrFeNi2.1 EHEA. (a) Phase map. (b) Phase map and (c) corresponding inverse pole figure map of two adjacent grains, grain-1 and grain-2. (d) {110} and {111} pole figures of the intragranular BCC domains and parent FCC domains for grain-1 and grain-2.

Fig. 4. SEM micrograph and elemental maps of Al, Co, Cr, Fe and Ni in the FCC (L12) and BCC (B2) phases as noted.

Fig. 5. Shock velocity versus particle velocity for AlCoCrFeNi2.1 high-entropy alloy.

Table 2. Summary of experimental parameters and results for the Hugoniot equation of state experiments. ds: sample thickness; uimp: impact velocity; up1: elastic shock particle velocity; us1: elastic shock wave velocity; σHEL: the Hugoniot elastic limit stress; up2: plastic shock particle velocity; us2: plastic shock wave velocity; σH: peak shock stress. Numbers in parentheses denote uncertainties in the last 1 or 2 digits.

Shot No.	d_s (mm)	u_imp (km s⁻¹)	u_p1 (km s⁻¹)	u_s1 (km s⁻¹)	σ_HEL (GPa)	u_p2 (km s⁻¹)	u_s2 (km s⁻¹)	σ_H (GPa)
EOS-1	3.049(2)	0.321(1)	0.017(1)	6.126(8)	0.777(9)	0.159(1)	5.019(9)	6.022(13)
EOS-2	3.038(2)	0.454(1)	0.017(1)	6.097(8)	0.757(9)	0.227(1)	5.128(10)	8.684(18)
EOS-3	3.039(2)	0.503(1)	0.018(1)	6.115(8)	0.814(9)	0.251(1)	5.149(10)	9.660(21)
EOS-4	3.045(2)	0.616(1)	0.011(1)	6.018(8)	0.466(6)	0.309(1)	5.244(10)	12.011(25)
EOS-5	3.045(2)	0.717(1)	0.023(1)	5.994(8)	1.003(12)	0.361(1)	5.279(10)	14.177(30)
EOS-6	3.049(2)	0.846(1)	0.024(1)	6.069(8)	1.060(12)	0.426(1)	5.411(11)	17.090(35)
EOS-7	3.043(2)	0.970(1)	0.020(1)	5.989(8)	0.870(10)	0.491(1)	5.477(11)	19.873(41)
EOS-8	3.053(2)	1.247(2)	0.021(1)	6.013(8)	0.927(11)	0.635(1)	5.660(12)	26.514(55)
EOS-9	3.038(2)	1.487(2)	0.028(1)	6.103(8)	1.278(15)	0.755(1)	5.904(13)	32.864(68)

Fig. 6. Free-surface velocity histories, ufs(t), for the spallation-recovery experiments. Numbers on the curves denote impact velocities uimp in m s?1.

Table 3. Summary of experimental parameters and results for spallation (SP) and shock compression (SC) recovery experiments. df: flyer thickness; ds: sample thickness; uimp: impact velocity; σH: peak shock stress; $\dot{\varepsilon}$: tensile strain rate; ?ufs: pullback velocity; σsp: spall strength; ar: re-acceleration.

Shot No.	d_f (mm)	d_s (mm)	u_imp (m s⁻¹)	σ_H (GPa)	$\dot{\varepsilon}$ (10⁵ s⁻¹)	∆u_fs (m s⁻¹)	σ_sp (GPa)	a_r (10⁸ m s⁻²)
SP-1	1.020	1.985	200	3.80	0.757	-	-	-
SP-2	1.008	2.003	227	4.30	0.911	153.65	3.00	3.80
SP-3	0.987	1.940	302	5.73	1.256	164.71	3.21	5.68
SP-4	1.012	2.003	410	7.81	1.377	166.31	3.24	7.13
SP-5	1.008	1.996	504	9.70	1.644	171.66	3.35	8.10
SP-6	1.005	1.937	620	12.06	1.782	176.07	3.43	10.47
SP-7	1.001	2.000	730	14.40	2.037	186.74	3.64	11.69
SP-8	0.999	1.995	862	17.26	2.072	187.30	3.65	12.81
SC-1	1.012	3.023	317	6.08	-	-	-	-
SC-2	1.012	3.023	624	12.22	-	-	-	-

Fig. 7. Spall strength versus peak shock stress for AlCoCrFeNi2.1 (this work), Al0.1CoCrFeNi (Ref. [45]), FeCrMnNi (Ref. [43]), hot-rolling quenched Fe50Mn30Co10Cr10 (HRQ, Ref. [41]), and cold-rolling quenched Fe50Mn30Co10Cr10 (CRQ, Ref. [41]).

Fig. 8. EBSD characterizations of the impact surface for shots SC-1 (the top row) and SC-2 (the bottom row). (a) and (c) Phase maps, (b) and (d) corresponding KAM maps, and (e) KAM statistics of the FCC (L12) and BCC (B2) phases.

Fig. 9. TEM characterizations of the postmortem samples from (a-f) shot SC-1 and (g-l) shot SC-2. Super-lattice diffraction spots in SAED patterns are indicated by the blue or red circles.

Fig. 10. HRTEM characterization of shot SC-1. (a) Nanotwin and (b) stacking faults (SFs) in the FCC (L12) phase. (c) HRTEM image for the BCC (B2) phase. Two Fourier transformation patterns are also shown.

Fig. 11. SEM micrographs of the cross-section for shot SP-1. The FCC (L12) and BCC (B2) phases are indicated.

Fig. 12. SEM micrographs of the cross-section for shot SP-2. The FCC (L12) and BCC (B2) phases are indicated.

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Dynamic mechanical properties, deformation and damage mechanisms of eutectic high-entropy alloy AlCoCrFeNi₂_.₁ under plate impact

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[2]	Kui Xue, Pei-Hong Tan, Ze-Hui Zhao, Lan-Yue Cui, M Bobby Kannan, Shuo-Qi Li, Cheng-Bao Liu, Yu-Hong Zou, Fen Zhang, Zhuo-Yuan Chen, Rong-Chang Zeng. In vitro degradation and multi-antibacterial mechanisms of β-cyclodextrin@curcumin embodied Mg(OH)₂/MAO coating on AZ31 magnesium alloy [J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2023, 132(0): 179-192.
[3]	D.D. Zhang, J. Kuang, H. Xue, J.Y. Zhang, G. Liu, J. Sun. A strong and ductile NiCoCr-based medium-entropy alloy strengthened by coherent nanoparticles with superb thermal-stability [J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2023, 132(0): 201-212.
[4]	Yimian Chen, Shuize Wang, Jie Xiong, Guilin Wu, Junheng Gao, Yuan Wu, Guoqiang Ma, Hong-Hui Wu, Xinping Mao. Identifying facile material descriptors for Charpy impact toughness in low-alloy steel via machine learning [J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2023, 132(0): 213-222.
[5]	Rui Ma, Xiping Guo. Cooperative effects of Mo, V and Zr additions on the microstructure and properties of multi-elemental Nb-Si based alloys [J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2023, 132(0): 27-41.
[6]	Jing Peng, Jia Li, Bin Liu, Jian Wang, Haotian Chen, Hui Feng, Xin Zeng, Heng Duan, Yuankui Cao, Junyang He, Peter K. Liaw, Qihong Fang. Formation process and mechanical properties in selective laser melted multi-principal-element alloys [J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2023, 133(0): 12-22.
[7]	Changshu He, Jingxun Wei, Ying Li, Zhiqiang Zhang, Ni Tian, Gaowu Qin, Liang Zuo. Improvement of microstructure and fatigue performance of wire-arc additive manufactured 4043 aluminum alloy assisted by interlayer friction stir processing [J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2023, 133(0): 183-194.
[8]	Shuo Wang, Xianghai Yang, Junsheng Wang, Chi Zhang, Chengpeng Xue. Identifying the crystal structure of T₁ precipitates in Al-Li-Cu alloys by ab initio calculations and HAADF-STEM imaging [J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2023, 133(0): 41-57.
[9]	Xudong Liu, Jiangkun Fan, Kai Cao, Fulong Chen, Ruihao Yuan, Degui Liu, Bin Tang, Hongchao Kou, Jinshan Li. Creep anisotropy behavior, deformation mechanism, and its efficient suppression method in Inconel 625 superalloy [J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2023, 133(0): 58-76.
[10]	J.R. Li, D.S. Xie, Z.R. Zeng, B. Song, H.B. Xie, R.S. Pei, H.C. Pan, Y.P. Ren, G.W. Qin. Mechanistic investigation on Ce addition in tuning recrystallization behavior and mechanical property of Mg alloy [J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2023, 132(0): 1-17.
[11]	Huan Liu, Hai Wang, Ling Ren, Dong Qiu, Ke Yang. Antibacterial copper-bearing titanium alloy prepared by laser powder bed fusion for superior mechanical performance [J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2023, 132(0): 100-109.
[12]	Y. Xing, C.J. Li, Y.K. Mu, Y.D. Jia, K.K. Song, J. Tan, G. Wang, Z.Q. Zhang, J.H. Yi, J. Eckert. Strengthening and deformation mechanism of high-strength CrMnFeCoNi high entropy alloy prepared by powder metallurgy [J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2023, 132(0): 119-131.
[13]	Weiqi Tang, Kun Zhang, Tianyu Chen, Qiu Wang, Bingchen Wei. Microstructural evolution and energetic characteristics of TiZrHfTa_0.7W_0.3 high-entropy alloy under high strain rates and its application in high-velocity penetration [J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2023, 132(0): 144-153.
[14]	Jin Liu, Zhiyong Du, Jinlong Su, Jie Tang, Fulin Jiang, Dingfa Fu, Jie Teng, Hui Zhang. Effect of quenching residual stress on precipitation behaviour of 7085 aluminium alloy [J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2023, 132(0): 154-165.
[15]	X.F. Xu, X.Y. Li, B. Zhang. Stabilizing nanograined Fe-Cr alloy by Si-assisted grain boundary segregation [J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2023, 134(0): 223-233.