J. Mater. Sci. Technol. ›› 2022, Vol. 102: 213-223.DOI: 10.1016/j.jmst.2021.06.031
• Research Article • Previous Articles Next Articles
Z.W. Wanga,b, J.F. Zhanga, G.M. Xiec, L.H. Wua, H. Zhanga, P. Xuea,*(), D.R. Nia, B.L. Xiaoa, Z.Y. Maa
Received:
2021-04-30
Revised:
2021-06-12
Accepted:
2021-06-15
Published:
2022-03-10
Online:
2021-08-26
Contact:
P. Xue
About author:
*E-mail address: pxue@imr.ac.cn (P. Xue).Z.W. Wang, J.F. Zhang, G.M. Xie, L.H. Wu, H. Zhang, P. Xue, D.R. Ni, B.L. Xiao, Z.Y. Ma. Evolution mechanisms of microstructure and mechanical properties in a friction stir welded ultrahigh-strength quenching and partitioning steel[J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2022, 102: 213-223.
C | Mn | Si | Al | S | P | Fe |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.19 | 2.76 | 1.60 | 0.039 | 0.003 | 0.01 | Bal. |
Table 1 Chemical composition (wt%) of the Q&P 1180 steel.
C | Mn | Si | Al | S | P | Fe |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.19 | 2.76 | 1.60 | 0.039 | 0.003 | 0.01 | Bal. |
Fig. 1. Schematics of (a) welding configuration and thermal measurement, (b) sampling methods for characterizing the microstructure and mechanical properties. ND and TD are the abbreviations of the normal direction and the transverse direction, respectively.
Materials | Average hardness in SZ (Hv) | Minimum hardness in HAZ (Hv) | UTS (MPa) | Failure location |
---|---|---|---|---|
PM | 376 | - | 1214±5 | PM |
450 rpm joint | 477 | 290 | 1212±4 | PM |
600 rpm joint | 466 | 295 | 1208±8 | HAZ |
Table 2 Mechanical properties of the PM and the FSW joints.
Materials | Average hardness in SZ (Hv) | Minimum hardness in HAZ (Hv) | UTS (MPa) | Failure location |
---|---|---|---|---|
PM | 376 | - | 1214±5 | PM |
450 rpm joint | 477 | 290 | 1212±4 | PM |
600 rpm joint | 466 | 295 | 1208±8 | HAZ |
Fig. 5. (a) SEM, (b) EBSD IPF map and (c) TEM microstructures of the SZ under 450 rpm parameter, (d) SEM, (e) EBSD IPF map and (f) TEM microstructures of the SZ under 600 rpm parameter.
Fig. 6. Microstructures of the three sub-HAZs: (a)-(c) SEM surface topography images, (d)-(f) typical EBSD KAM together with phase maps, (g, h) TEM maps.
Fig. 8. Temperature variations of the FSW joints simulated by finite element method: (a) 3D temperature distribution, (b) cross-sectional temperature distributions, (c,d) temperature-time curves of different zones measured from the corresponding points in (b).
Sample | SZ | FG-HAZ | IC-HAZ | SC-HAZ |
---|---|---|---|---|
450 rpm joint | 272.7 | - | 162.8 | 143.2 |
600 rpm joint | 263.1 | 142.2 | 141.3 | 110.5 |
Table 3 Calculated cooling rates of different zones in the simulated results (°C/s).
Sample | SZ | FG-HAZ | IC-HAZ | SC-HAZ |
---|---|---|---|---|
450 rpm joint | 272.7 | - | 162.8 | 143.2 |
600 rpm joint | 263.1 | 142.2 | 141.3 | 110.5 |
Fig. 9. Upper surface strain distributions of joints during tensile deformation: (a,b) local strain distribution maps, (c,d) local axial strain profiles extracted in the strain distribution maps along with the TD of gauge center. (a,c) and (b,d) act for the 450 rpm and 600 rpm joints, respectively.
Fig. 10. Nanoindentation results of the SC-HAZ (450 rpm joint) contrasting with the PM: (a) load-displacement curves of typical ferrite and martensite phases, (b) stress-strain curves that were calculated based on the inverse method.
Phase | E (GPa) | H (GPa) | σy (MPa) | n | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
PM | F | 198 | 2.82 | 292 | 0.17 |
MI | 244 | 5.27 | 763 | 0.04 | |
MF | 307 | 7.26 | 1147 | -0.03 | |
SC-HAZ | F | 213 | 3.31 | 386 | 0.12 |
MI | 225 | 5.09 | 729 | 0.07 | |
MF | 301 | 7.10 | 1115 | -0.01 |
Table 4 Detailed nanoindentation results and the consequent parameters obtained during the inverse calculation.
Phase | E (GPa) | H (GPa) | σy (MPa) | n | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
PM | F | 198 | 2.82 | 292 | 0.17 |
MI | 244 | 5.27 | 763 | 0.04 | |
MF | 307 | 7.26 | 1147 | -0.03 | |
SC-HAZ | F | 213 | 3.31 | 386 | 0.12 |
MI | 225 | 5.09 | 729 | 0.07 | |
MF | 301 | 7.10 | 1115 | -0.01 |
Fig. 14. TEM microstructures of the SC-HAZ after tensile deformation under 450 rpm parameter: (a) dislocation accumulation in the ferrites, (b) reciprocal action between dislocations and the carbide particles.
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