J. Mater. Sci. Technol. ›› 2022, Vol. 99: 223-238.DOI: 10.1016/j.jmst.2021.04.074
• Research article • Previous Articles Next Articles
Wanting Suna, Bo Wua, Hui Fua, Xu-Sheng Yanga,b,*(), Xiaoguang Qiaod, Mingyi Zhengd,*(), Yang Hee, Jian Luf, San-Qiang Shic,*()
Received:
2021-02-16
Revised:
2021-02-16
Accepted:
2021-02-16
Published:
2022-02-10
Online:
2022-02-09
Contact:
Xu-Sheng Yang,Mingyi Zheng,San-Qiang Shi
About author:
mmsqshi@polyu.edu.hk (S.-Q. Shi).Wanting Sun, Bo Wu, Hui Fu, Xu-Sheng Yang, Xiaoguang Qiao, Mingyi Zheng, Yang He, Jian Lu, San-Qiang Shi. Combining gradient structure and supersaturated solid solution to achieve superior mechanical properties in WE43 magnesium alloy[J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2022, 99: 223-238.
Mg | Y | Nd | Gd | Zr |
---|---|---|---|---|
Bal. | 4.20 | 2.30 | 1.44 | 0.53 |
Table 1 Measured chemical composition of as-extruded WE43 alloy (wt.%).
Mg | Y | Nd | Gd | Zr |
---|---|---|---|---|
Bal. | 4.20 | 2.30 | 1.44 | 0.53 |
Fig. 1. Microstructure analysis of as-extruded WE43 alloy: (a) OM; (b) SEM image; (c) EDS results of second phase marked by arrows in Fig. 1(b); (d) EDS results of α-Mg matrix; (e) EBSD analysis and (f) histogram for the distribution of grain size.
Fig. 2. Results of thermodynamic modelling using the PanMg database (a) Phase diagram of Mg-4.2Y-2.3Nd-xGd-0.53Zr (wt.%) alloy; (b) Dependence of equilibrium phase fraction of WE43 alloy on temperature under 1 atm and (c) Variation of solid solubility of solutes with temperature under 1 atm.
Fig. 3. Optical micrographs of cross section of (a) SMAT-processed WE43 alloy; (b) the refined grains of the surface layer and (c) the coarse grains of the WE43 alloy matrix.
Fig. 4. (a) XRD patterns of the SMAT-processed WE43 alloy at various depths from the top surface, and the enlarged section are inserted; (b) crystalline size, dislocation density and lattice axial ratio c/a as a function of the depth from the top surface.
Fig. 5. (a) Plots of normalized peak intensity Khkl denpent on the distance from top surface of SMAT-processed WE43 alloy. The dashed horizontal lines indicate the peak intensities for a randomly textured WE43 sample; (b) (0002) Pole figures of SMAT-processed WE43 alloy with various depths from the top surface.
Fig. 6. Microstructure of the SMAT-processed WE43 sheet observed at the depth of ~120 μm below the surface: (a) TEM bright field image; (b) TEM dark field image and histogram of distribution of grain size inserted; (c) The corresponding SAED patterns of (a); (d) TEM dark field image of residual intermetallic compounds and the corresponding TEM bright field image inserted; (e) HRTEM image of intermetallic compound and fast Fourier transform (FFT) image inserted; (f) IFFT image of the region marked in (e); (g) EDS analysis of remained second phase particle; (h) TEM image of SFs and the IFFT image inserted; (i) magnified image of (h); (j) IFFT image of SF, and (k) EDS analysis of α-Mg matrix.
Fig. 7. Microstructure of the SMAT-processed WE43 sheet observed at the depth of ~90 μm below the surface: (a) TEM bright field image and the corresponding SAED patterns inserted; (b) TEM dark field image and histogram of distribution of grain size inserted; (c) TEM bright field image of individual refined grain; (d) TEM image of SFs marked by box in (c) and FFT image inserted; (e) IFFT image of SF; (f) EDS analysis of α-Mg matrix.
Fig. 8. Microstructure of the SMAT-processed WE43 sheet observed at the depth of ~60 μm below the surface: (a) TEM bright field image and the corresponding SAED patterns inserted; (b) TEM dark field image and histogram of distribution of grain size inserted; (c) magnified image of the region C marked by box in (a); (d) HRTEM image of SF marked by arrow in (c) and the corresponding FFT image inserted; (e) IFFT image of SF in the region E marked by box in (d).
Fig. 9. Microstructure of the SMAT-processed WE43 sheet observed at the depth of ~30 μm (a, b) and the topmost surface (c, d): (a) and (c) TEM bright-field images and SAED patterns inserted; (b) and (d) TEM-dark field images and histograms of distribution of grain size inserted.
Fig. 10. (a) Variation of Vickers microhardness across the thickness direction of SMAT-processed WE43 sheet with different depths from the topmost surface (the red dashed line indicates the microhardness of initial as-extruded alloy); (b) Contributions of grain refinement, dislocation density, and solid solution to hardness for SMAT-processed WE43 sheet within different depth layers, and the scattered dots of green rhombus and orange circle respectively denote the measured values and calculated values of overall microhardness at the selected layer.
Fig. 11. The mechanical properties of as-extruded and SMAT-processed WE43 alloys tested at ambient temperature: (a) engineering stress-strain curves and (b) comparisons of tensile strength and elongation.
Fig. 14. (a) Work hardening rate curves using θ-(σT-σTYS) plot obtained from true stress-strain curves; (b) instantaneous work hardening rate and the true stress curves against the true strain, and (c) Comparison of elongation and (σUTS-σYS) values of different wrought alloys [74].
Fig. 12. SEM micrographs of the fracture surface morphologies after tensile tests: (a) and (b) as-extruded WE43 sheet; (c) SMAT-processed WE43 sheet: (d) and (e) the central zone; (f) and (g) the refined layer zone.
Samples | σTYS/ MPa | σTUTS/ MPa | εu/ % | n | HC |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
As-extruded | 180 | 250 | 13.2 | 0.15 | 0.39 |
SMAT-processed | 280 | 435 | 10.4 | 0.21 | 0.55 |
Gradient layer | 368 | 560 | 2.8 | 0.20 | 0.52 |
Table 2 The mechanical properties of WE43 alloy in present study.
Samples | σTYS/ MPa | σTUTS/ MPa | εu/ % | n | HC |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
As-extruded | 180 | 250 | 13.2 | 0.15 | 0.39 |
SMAT-processed | 280 | 435 | 10.4 | 0.21 | 0.55 |
Gradient layer | 368 | 560 | 2.8 | 0.20 | 0.52 |
Fig. 15. (a) Comparisons of the ultimate tensile strength and elongation in various available Mg alloys processed by SMAT[17, 19-23, 31]; (b) Comparisons of the ultimate tensile strength and elongation in WE43 Mg alloy under different processing conditions involving casting [57, 59, 76, 77], heat treatment [59, 78, 79], traditional thermomechanical processing [6, 56, 58, [61], [62], [63], [80], [81], [82], [83], [84], [85], [86]] and SPD methods. (FSP represents friction stir processing [56, 57, 60, 61, 76]; FSAM represents friction stir additive manufacturing [85]; SFSP represents submerged friction stir processing [76]; LP represents laser processing [60, 76]; ECAP represents equal channel angular pressing [58, 59, 88]; ABE represents accumulative back extrusion [84]; MAD represents multiaxial deformation [62]; HPT represent high pressure torsion [63, 79]; HE+BP represents hydrostatic extrusion with back pressure [87]; AM represents additive manufacture [77]; PE represents power extrusion [77].
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