J. Mater. Sci. Technol. ›› 2022, Vol. 97: 89-100.DOI: 10.1016/j.jmst.2021.04.027
• Research Article • Previous Articles Next Articles
Hanchen Fenga, Lei Caib, Linfeng Wangc, Xiaodan Zhangd,*(), Feng Fanga,*()
Received:
2021-01-05
Revised:
2021-04-07
Accepted:
2021-04-16
Published:
2021-06-15
Online:
2021-06-15
Contact:
Xiaodan Zhang,Feng Fang
About author:
fangfeng@seu.edu.cn (F. Fang).Hanchen Feng, Lei Cai, Linfeng Wang, Xiaodan Zhang, Feng Fang. Microstructure and strength in ultrastrong cold-drawn medium carbon steel[J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2022, 97: 89-100.
C (wt.%) | Strain | UTS(MPa) | Production Cost (USD/Ton) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Ref. [ | 0.97 | 3.6 | 3840 | 2550 |
Ref. [ | 0.93 | 4.17 | 4247 | 2000 |
Ref. [ | 0.92 | 4.61 | 4500 | 1950 |
Ref. [ | 0.91 | 4.86 | 4600 | 1900 |
Ref. [ | 0.90 | 4.8 | 4380 | 1900 |
Ref. [ | 0.80 | 3.13 | 2812 | 1450 |
Ref. [ | 0.80 | 3.48 | 3200 | 1450 |
Ref. [ | 0.80 | 5.4 | 4806 | 1450 |
Present | 0.45 | 6.4 | 4120 | 1050 |
Table 1 Summary of cold drawn carbon steel wires.
C (wt.%) | Strain | UTS(MPa) | Production Cost (USD/Ton) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Ref. [ | 0.97 | 3.6 | 3840 | 2550 |
Ref. [ | 0.93 | 4.17 | 4247 | 2000 |
Ref. [ | 0.92 | 4.61 | 4500 | 1950 |
Ref. [ | 0.91 | 4.86 | 4600 | 1900 |
Ref. [ | 0.90 | 4.8 | 4380 | 1900 |
Ref. [ | 0.80 | 3.13 | 2812 | 1450 |
Ref. [ | 0.80 | 3.48 | 3200 | 1450 |
Ref. [ | 0.80 | 5.4 | 4806 | 1450 |
Present | 0.45 | 6.4 | 4120 | 1050 |
Sample | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Diameter (mm) | 6.5 | 4.33 | 2.44 | 1.41 | 0.8 | 0.43 | 0.265 |
Strain | 0 | 0.81 | 1.95 | 3.06 | 4.19 | 5.43 | 6.4 |
Area reduction (%) | 0 | 55.6 | 85.9 | 95.3 | 98.5 | 99.6 | 99.8 |
Table 2 Sample details of cold drawn MCFP steel wires.
Sample | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Diameter (mm) | 6.5 | 4.33 | 2.44 | 1.41 | 0.8 | 0.43 | 0.265 |
Strain | 0 | 0.81 | 1.95 | 3.06 | 4.19 | 5.43 | 6.4 |
Area reduction (%) | 0 | 55.6 | 85.9 | 95.3 | 98.5 | 99.6 | 99.8 |
Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of the tensile specimen geometry. The ‘d’, ‘L0’, ‘Lc’ and ‘Lt’ refers to diameter, original gauge length, free length and total length, respectively.
Fig. 2. Mechanical properties of cold drawn MCFP steel wires (a) engineering stress-strain curves, (b) tensile strength (c) increase rate of strength (d) elongation.
Strain | 0 | 0.81 | 1.95 | 3.06 | 4.19 | 5.43 | 6.4 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tensile strength (MPa) | 750 | 1090 | 1400 | 1860 | 2446 | 3445 | 4119 |
Flow stress (MPa) | 469 | 880 | 1102 | 1492 | 2140 | 3125 | 3814 |
Total elongation (%) | 14.0 | 6.8 | 4.5 | 3.1 | 2.5 | 2.2 | 2.1 |
Table 3 Tensile strength and elongation of cold drawn MCFP steel wires.
Strain | 0 | 0.81 | 1.95 | 3.06 | 4.19 | 5.43 | 6.4 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tensile strength (MPa) | 750 | 1090 | 1400 | 1860 | 2446 | 3445 | 4119 |
Flow stress (MPa) | 469 | 880 | 1102 | 1492 | 2140 | 3125 | 3814 |
Total elongation (%) | 14.0 | 6.8 | 4.5 | 3.1 | 2.5 | 2.2 | 2.1 |
Fig. 8. TEM microstructural evolution of pearlite microstructure under (a) ε = 0.81, (b) ε = 1.95, (c) ε = 3.06, (d) ε = 4.19, (e) ε = 5.43, (f) ε = 6.4.
Fig. 9. Histograms of the interlamellar spacing distribution under (a) ε = 0, (b) ε = 0.81, (c) ε = 1.95, (d) ε = 3.06, (e) ε = 4.19, (f) ε = 5.43, (g) ε = 6.4.
Fig. 10. Histograms of the cementite thickness distribution under (a) ε = 0, (b) ε = 0.81, (c) ε = 1.95, (d) ε = 3.06, (e) ε = 4.19, (f) ε = 5.43, (g) ε = 6.4.
Strain | 0 | 0.81 | 1.95 | 3.06 | 4.19 | 5.43 | 6.4 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ILS (nm) | 187.6 ± 35 | 141±31 | 101±33 | 55.3 ± 20 | 32.5 ± 12 | 19.8 ± 8 | 14.45±6 |
dP (nm) | 165.6 ± 30 | 125±27 | 89.9 ± 30 | 50.1 ± 18 | 30.1 ± 11 | 18.58±7.6 | 13.8 ± 5.8 |
T (nm) | 22±5 | 16±4 | 11.1 ± 3 | 5.2 ± 2 | 2.4 ± 1 | 1.22±0.4 | 0.65±0.2 |
Table 4 ILS and thickness of ferrite (dP) and cementite (T) in pearlite.
Strain | 0 | 0.81 | 1.95 | 3.06 | 4.19 | 5.43 | 6.4 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ILS (nm) | 187.6 ± 35 | 141±31 | 101±33 | 55.3 ± 20 | 32.5 ± 12 | 19.8 ± 8 | 14.45±6 |
dP (nm) | 165.6 ± 30 | 125±27 | 89.9 ± 30 | 50.1 ± 18 | 30.1 ± 11 | 18.58±7.6 | 13.8 ± 5.8 |
T (nm) | 22±5 | 16±4 | 11.1 ± 3 | 5.2 ± 2 | 2.4 ± 1 | 1.22±0.4 | 0.65±0.2 |
Fig. 13. Dislocation density in the (a) proeutectoid ferrite (b) ferrite lamellae versus the drawing strain, (c) dislocation density in ferrite lamellae versus the drawing strain with ε ≤ 4.5. The thin lines in figures (b) and (c) represent the polynomial extrapolation curves.
Drawing strain | 1.95 | 3.06 | 4.19 | 5.43 | 6.4 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
σ0 (MPa) | 60 | 60 | 60 | 60 | 60 |
σ(b) (MPa) | 541 | 652 | 873 | 996 | 1145 |
σ(ρ) (MPa) | 127 | 189 | 280 | 433 | 591 |
σf (MPa) | 728 | 901 | 1213 | 1489 | 1796 |
Table 5 The strength contribution of proeutectoid ferrite.
Drawing strain | 1.95 | 3.06 | 4.19 | 5.43 | 6.4 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
σ0 (MPa) | 60 | 60 | 60 | 60 | 60 |
σ(b) (MPa) | 541 | 652 | 873 | 996 | 1145 |
σ(ρ) (MPa) | 127 | 189 | 280 | 433 | 591 |
σf (MPa) | 728 | 901 | 1213 | 1489 | 1796 |
Drawing strain | 0 | 0.81 | 1.95 | 3.06 | 4.19 | 5.43 | 6.4 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
σ0 (MPa) | 60 | 60 | 60 | 60 | 60 | 60 | 60 |
σ(b) (MPa) | 539 | 620 | 731 | 979 | 1263 | 1607 | 1866 |
σ(ρ) (MPa) | 85 | 253 | 523 | 632 | 815 | 1238 | 1624 |
σ(ss) (MPa) | ~ 0 | ~ 0 | ~ 0 | ~ 0 | 291 | 348 | 412 |
σp (MPa) | 684 | 933 | 1314 | 1671 | 2429 | 3253 | 3962 |
Table 6 The strength contribution of pearlite.
Drawing strain | 0 | 0.81 | 1.95 | 3.06 | 4.19 | 5.43 | 6.4 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
σ0 (MPa) | 60 | 60 | 60 | 60 | 60 | 60 | 60 |
σ(b) (MPa) | 539 | 620 | 731 | 979 | 1263 | 1607 | 1866 |
σ(ρ) (MPa) | 85 | 253 | 523 | 632 | 815 | 1238 | 1624 |
σ(ss) (MPa) | ~ 0 | ~ 0 | ~ 0 | ~ 0 | 291 | 348 | 412 |
σp (MPa) | 684 | 933 | 1314 | 1671 | 2429 | 3253 | 3962 |
Drawing strain | 1.95 | 3.06 | 4.19 | 5.43 | 6.4 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
σf × 0.17 (MPa) | 124 | 153 | 206 | 253 | 305 |
σp × 0.83 (MPa) | 1091 | 1387 | 2016 | 2700 | 3288 |
σcal (MPa) | 1215 | 1540 | 2222 | 2953 | 3593 |
σexp (MPa) | 1102 | 1532 | 2140 | 3125 | 3844 |
Diff. (MPa) | 113 | 8 | 82 | -172 | -251(7%) |
Table 7 Calculated and measured flow stress in the strain range 1.95 ~ 6.4.
Drawing strain | 1.95 | 3.06 | 4.19 | 5.43 | 6.4 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
σf × 0.17 (MPa) | 124 | 153 | 206 | 253 | 305 |
σp × 0.83 (MPa) | 1091 | 1387 | 2016 | 2700 | 3288 |
σcal (MPa) | 1215 | 1540 | 2222 | 2953 | 3593 |
σexp (MPa) | 1102 | 1532 | 2140 | 3125 | 3844 |
Diff. (MPa) | 113 | 8 | 82 | -172 | -251(7%) |
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