Fig. 1. RVEs of 17 vol.% PRMMCs with different ARs.

Fig. 2. Illustration of periodic boundary conditions.

Fig. 3. Von Mises equivalent stress after the cooling process for different RVEs.

Fig. 4. Equivalent plastic strain after the cooling process for different RVEs.

Fig. 5. Stress-strain curves for different RVEs with or without the cooling process.

Fig. 6. Differences in stresses between cases with and without the cooling process.

Fig. 7. Contribution ratio evolution of TRSS during tensile loading.

Fig. 8. Verification of using Eq. (2) to introduce the influence of TRSS on the stress-strain curves of PRMMCs. (a) The RVE of 17 vol.% PRMMCs with four different ARs of particles. (b) The stress-strain curves obtained from simulations with the cooling process, without the cooling process, and using the new method.

Fig. 9. Plastic volume fraction of the matrix as a function of strain for different RVEs.

Fig. 10. Plastic deformation of AR4 with and without the cooling process. (a) Evolution of plastic volume fraction, (b) distribution of plastic zone at point A in (a), (c) distribution of plastic zone at point B in (a).

Fig. 11. Continuous fibers reinforced composite with 17 vol.% fibers. (a) the RVE model, (b) stress-strain curves obtained from simulations, and (c) contribution ratio of TRSS during tensile loading.

Fig. 12. Fields of (a) the stress component along the loading direction and (b) equivalent plastic strain $\varepsilon _{\text{p}}^{\text{eq}}$ in the matrix after the cooling process.