Controllable synthesis of Ni/NiO@porous carbon hybrid composites towards remarkable electromagnetic wave absorption and wide absorption bandwidth

doi:10.1016/j.jmst.2021.01.073

Abstract

Abstract:

The reasonable design of the composition of the composite materials is of great significance to optimized the electromagnetic (EM) wave absorption performance. Herein, the Ni/NiO@C hybrid composites with tunable Ni proportion were successfully synthesized through a two-step process. With the assistance of X-ray diffraction with refinement treatment, the specific proportion of Ni of as-obtained hybrid composites could be obtained. Employing controlling calcination time to adjust the Ni content of Ni/NiO@C hybrid composites, it has been found that the composite carbonized at 500 °C exhibited remarkable EM wave absorption with the minimum reflection loss (RL_min) of -49.1 dB at 4.9 mm and the widest effective absorption bandwidth (EAB_max) of 4.56 GHz at 2.1 mm. Moreover, by adjusting the Ni source, the optimal EM wave absorption performance could be achieved. Results illustrated that the N₃PC with the Ni proportion of 13.17 % showed the RL_min as low as -51.1 dB at 2.4 mm and the EAB_max was 5.12 GHz at 2.7 mm. It is worth noting that this work demonstrates the relevance of the composition and EM wave absorption performance of hybrid composites, which offers a feasible reference for the absorption mechanism of absorber.

Key words: Ni/NiO@C hybrid composites, Nickel proportion, Multiple-loss mechanism, Electromagnetic wave absorption efficiency

Xinfeng Zhou, Zirui Jia, Xingxue Zhang, Bingbing Wang, Wei Wu, Xuehua Liu, Binghui Xu, Guanglei Wu. Controllable synthesis of Ni/NiO@porous carbon hybrid composites towards remarkable electromagnetic wave absorption and wide absorption bandwidth[J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2021, 87: 120-132.

Figures/Tables 12

Scheme 1. Schematic illustration of the preparation of Ni/NiO@C hybrid composites.

Fig. 1. Morphology, structural and fundamental characterizations. (a) TGA of the precursor; (b1) to (b5) XRD patterns and Rietiveld refinements of XRD patterns of as-obtained hybrid composites; (c1) to (c4) SEM of NPC-300, NPC-400, NPC-500 and NPC-600, respectively; (c5) elements mapping of NPC-500; (d1) to (d4) TEM of NPC-300, NPC-400, NPC-500 and NPC-600, respectively; (d5) HR-TEM of NPC-500; (e) Raman shift of as-obtained samples.

Fig. 2. Dielectric properties. (a1) Real part and (a2) imaginary part of complex permittivity for hybrid composites; (a3) dielectric loss tangent of samples; (b) Dielectric conductivity of as-obtained hybrid composites; Cole-Cole plots of NPC-300 (c1), NPC-400 (c2), NPC-500 (c3) and NPC-600 (c4); the relationship between ε' and ε''/f of NPC-300 (d1), NPC-400 (d2), NPC-500 (d3) and NPC-600 (d4).

Fig. 3. Magnetic properties. Real part (a1) and imaginary part (a2) of complex permeability for hybrid composites; Magnetic loss tangent (a3) and C0 (a4) of samples; Magnetic hysteresis loops (b1 and b2) of samples; The impedance matching of samples (c); Attenuation constant of hybrid composites (d).

Fig. 4. EM wave absorption performance. The electromagnetic wave absorption performance of NPC-300 (a1, a2, a3); NPC-400 (b1, b2, b3); NPC-500 (c1, c2, c3) and NPC-600 (d1, d2, d3).

Fig. 5. Morphology, structural and fundamental characterizations. (a1) to (a4) XRD patterns and Rietiveld refinements of XRD patterns of as-obtained hybrid composites; (b1-b4) SEM and elemental mapping of as-obtained hybrid composites; (c1-c5) TEM and HR-TEM of as-obtained samples. (d) Raman and (e) TGA of four hybrid composites; (f1) full-scan XPS of as-obtained samples; high-resolution of (f2) C 1s, (f3) O 1s and (f4) Ni 2p for as-obtained samples.

Table 1 The structure patterns and agreement factors of refinements for as-obtained samples.

Sample	Phase	Atom	a (Å)	b (Å)	c (Å)	V (Å³)	X	Y	Z	Occ.	R_wp(%)	R_p(%)	χ²(%)	wt%
N₁PC	Ni[Fm-3 m]	Ni (4a)	3.52	3.52	3.52	43.61	0.00	0.00	0.00	1.00	5.35	4.23	4.28	100
N₃PC	Ni[Fm-3 m]	Ni (4a)	3.537	3.537	3.537	44.26	0.00	0.00	0.00	1.00	3.99	3.16	2.676	13.17
--	NiO[Fm-3 m]	Ni (4a)	4.196	4.196	4.196	73.88	0.00	0.00	0.00	1.00	--	--	--	86.83
--	--	O (4b)	--	--	--	--	0.50	0.50	0.50	1.00	--	--	--	--
N₄PC	Ni[Fm-3 m]	Ni (4a)	3.543	3.543	3.543	44.49	0.00	0.00	0.00	1.00	4.03	3.19	2.676	12.3
--	NiO[Fm-3 m]	Ni (4a)	4.202	4.202	4.202	74.22	0.00	0.00	0.00	1.00	--	--	--	87.6
--	--	O (4b)	--	--	--	--	0.50	0.50	0.50	1.00	--	--	--	--

Fig. 6. Dielectric properties. (a1) Real part and (a2) imaginary part of complex permittivity for hybrid composites; (a3) dielectric loss tangent of samples; (b) the conductivity of composites; Cole-Cole plots of N1PC (c1), N3PC (c2) and N4PC (c3); The relationship between ε' and ε''/f of N1PC (d1), N3PC (d2) and N4PC (d3); The relaxation times of composites (e).

Fig. 7. Magnetic properties. Real part (a1) and imaginary part (a2) of complex permeability for hybrid composites; magnetic loss tangent (a3) and C0 (b) of samples; Magnetic hysteresis loops (c1, c2) of samples; (d) the impedance matching of composites; (e) attenuation constant of hybrid composites.

Fig. 8. EM wave absorption performance. The electromagnetic wave absorption performance of N1PC (a1, a2, a3); N3PC (b1, b2, b3) and N4PC (c1, c2, c3).

Fig. 9. (a) the relationship between Ni content and absorption efficiency; the absorption efficiency of recently reported Ni-based composite absorbents (b).

Scheme 2. Schematic illustration of the absorption mechanism of Ni/NiO@C hybrid composites.

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