High entropy rare earth hexaborides/tetraborides (HE REB6/HE REB4) composite powders with enhanced electromagnetic wave absorption performance

doi:10.1016/j.jmst.2021.01.059

Abstract

Abstract:

The increasing electromagnetic hazards including electromagnetic interference and electromagnetic pollution, which were stemmed from massive usage of electromagnetic technology, have triggered widespread concerns. To cope with this challenge, electromagnetic wave absorbing materials with high performance are greatly needed. Composite construction has been widely applied in electromagnetic (EM) wave absorbing materials to achieve high permittivity, high permeability and impedance matching. However, high-temperature stability, oxidation and corrosion resistance are still unignorable issues. Herein, high entropy hexaborides/tetraborides (HE REB₆/HE REB₄) composites with synergistic dielectric and magnetic losses were designed and successfully synthesized through a one-step boron carbide reduction method. The five as-prepared (Y_0.2Nd_0.2Sm_0.2Eu_0.2Er_0.2)B₆/(Y_0.2Nd_0.2Sm_0.2Eu_0.2Er_0.2)B₄, (Y_0.2Nd_0.2Sm_0.2 Er_0.2Yb_0.2)B₆/(Y_0.2Nd_0.2Sm_0.2Er_0.2Yb_0.2)B₄, (Y_0.2Nd_0.2Eu_0.2Er_0.2Yb_0.2)B₆/(Y_0.2Nd_0.2Eu_0.2Er_0.2Yb_0.2)B₄, (Nd_0.2Sm_0.2Eu_0.2Er_0.2Yb_0.2)B₆/(Nd_0.2Sm_0.2Eu_0.2Er_0.2Yb_0.2)B₄ and (Y_0.2 Sm_0.2Eu_0.2Er_0.2Yb_0.2)B₆/(Y_0.2Sm_0.2Eu_0.2Er_0.2Yb_0.2)B₄ contain two phases of HE REB₆ and HE REB₄. Among them (Y_0.2Nd_0.2Sm_0.2Eu_0.2 Er_0.2)B₆/(Y_0.2Nd_0.2Sm_0.2Eu_0.2Er_0.2)B₄ (HE REB₆/HE REB₄-1) and (Y_0.2Nd_0.2Sm_0.2Er_0.2Yb_0.2)B₆/(Y_0.2Nd_0.2Sm_0.2Er_0.2Yb_0.2)B₄ (HE REB₆/HE REB₄-2) exhibit excellent EM wave absorption properties. The optimal minimum reflection loss (RL_min) and effective absorption bandwidth (E_AB) of HE REB₆/HE REB₄-1 and HE REB₆/HE REB₄-2 are -53.3 dB (at 1.7 mm), 4.2 GHz (at 1.5 mm) and -43.5 dB (1.3 mm), 4.2 GHz (1.5 mm), respectively. The combination of conducting HE REB₄ with magnetism into HE REB₆ as a second phase enhances dielectric and magnetic losses, which lead to enhanced EM wave absorption performance. Considering superior high-temperature stability, oxidation and corrosion resistance of HE REB₆ and HE REB₄, HE REB₆/HE REB₄ composite ceramics are promising as a new type of high-performance EM wave absorbing materials.

Key words: High entropy ceramics, Hexaborides/tetraborides composites, One-step synthesis, Electromagnetic wave absorption, Synergistic dielectric and magnetic losses

Weiming Zhang, Biao Zhao, Na Ni, Huimin Xiang, Fu-Zhi Dai, Shijiang Wu, Yanchun Zhou. High entropy rare earth hexaborides/tetraborides (HE REB₆/HE REB₄) composite powders with enhanced electromagnetic wave absorption performance[J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2021, 87: 155-166.

Figures/Tables 17

Table 1 Cation radius and radius difference of the selected RE cations for the design of HE REB6/HE REB4 composites (data obtained from the list of revised effective ionic radii [44]).

RE	Cation radius (Å)	Radius difference (%)
Nd	0.98	11
Sm	0.96	9
Eu	0.95	8
Y	0.90	3
Er	0.89	2
Yb	0.87	0

Table 2 The constituent of raw materials of HE REB6/HE REB4 composites.

Composition of HE composites	Molar ratio of raw materials
HE REB₆/HE REB₄-1	1 Y₂O₃:1 Nd₂O₃: 1 Sm₂O₃: 1 Eu₂O₃: 1 Er₂O₃: 15B₄C
HE REB₆/HE REB₄-2	1 Y₂O₃: 1 Nd₂O₃: 1 Sm₂O₃: 1 Er₂O₃: 1 Yb₂O₃: 15B₄C
HE REB₆/HE REB₄-3	1 Y₂O₃: 1 Nd₂O₃: 1 Eu₂O₃: 1 Er₂O₃: 1 Yb₂O₃: 15B₄C
HE REB₆/HE REB₄-4	1 Nd₂O₃: 1 Sm₂O₃: 1 Eu₂O₃: 1 Er₂O₃: 1 Yb₂O₃: 15B₄C
HE REB₆/HE REB₄-5	1 Y₂O₃: 1 Sm₂O₃: 1 Eu₂O₃: 1 Er₂O₃: 1 Yb₂O₃: 15B₄C

Fig. 1. Crystal structure of (a) REB6: RE atoms (yellow) and B6 octahedron (teal) are arranged in a CsCl-like packing. (b) REB4: altering sheets of RE atoms (yellow) and B6 octahedra (teal) linked by B2 units forming a quasi-layer structure.

Fig. 2. XRD pattern of HE REB6/HE REB4-1 (RE = Y, Nd, Sm, Eu, Er) powders together with those of YB6, NdB6, SmB6, EuB6 and ErB6 obtained from ICDD/JCPDS cards.

Fig. 3. XRD pattern of HE REB6/HE REB4-1 (RE = Y, Nd, Sm, Eu, Er) powders and those of YB4, NdB4, SmB4 and ErB4 obtained from ICDD/JCPDS cards.

Fig. 4. XRD patterns of HE REB6/HE REB4-1 (RE = Y, Nd, Sm, Eu, Er), HE REB6/HE REB4-2 (RE = Y, Nd, Sm, Er, Yb), HE REB6/HE REB4-3 (RE = Y, Nd, Eu, Er, Yb), HE REB6/HE REB4-4 (RE = Nd, Sm, Eu, Er, Yb), and HE REB6/HE REB4-5 (RE = Y, Sm, Eu, Er, Yb) powders.

Table 3 Refined parameters of HE REB6 and HE REB4 together with average lattice parameters of corresponding single component phases obtained from standard ICDD/JCPDS cards.

Compositions	a_H (Å)	${{\bar{a}}_{\text{H}}}$ (Å)	ρ_H (g/cm³)	a_T (Å)	${{\bar{a}}_{\text{T}}}$ (Å)	c_T (Å)	${{\bar{c}}_{\text{T}}}$ (Å)	ρ_T (g/cm³)
HE REB₆/HE REB₄-1	4.1238	4.1278	4.86	7.0847	7.1351	4.0006	4.0460	6.08
HE REB₆/HE REB₄-2	4.1235	4.1226	4.96	7.0886	7.1161	4.0088	4.0368	6.20
HE REB₆/HE REB₄-3	4.1300	4.1301	4.95	7.0819	7.1034	4.0039	4.0285	6.23
HE REB₆/HE REB₄-4	4.1366	4.1367	5.21	7.0746	7.1236	4.0005	4.0430	6.66
HE REB₆/HE REB₄-5	4.1382	4.1304	4.97	7.0852	7.1314	4.0070	4.0438	6.04

Table 4 Weight fraction of HE REB4 (w) and reliability factors, Rp and Rwp in five composites.

Compositions	w (%)	R_p (%)	R_wp (%)
HE REB₆/HE REB₄-1	9.04	6.09	7.79
HE REB₆/HE REB₄-2	11.73	5.84	7.77
HE REB₆/HE REB₄-3	10.70	5.03	6.35
HE REB₆/HE REB₄-4	5.19	4.61	5.89
HE REB₆/HE REB₄-5	10.20	5.26	6.68

Fig. 5. SEM image of HE REB6/HE REB4-1 (RE = Y, Nd, Sm, Eu, Er) powders.

Fig. 6. (a) Representative HAADF image of the HE REB6/HE REB4-5 (RE = Y, Sm, Eu, Er, Yb) powder and the corresponding EDS elemental mappings of (b) Y, (c) Er, (d) Sm, (e) Yb and (f) Eu.

Fig. 7. TEM bright-field images of the region where Y and Er elements aggregate (a) and the region where Sm and Yb elements aggregate (b). The insets show the corresponding electron diffraction patterns taken at two different zones.

Fig. 8. Electromagnetic parameters of HE REB6/HE REB4 composites: (a) real permittivity (ε′), (b) imaginary permittivity (ε′′), (c) real permeability (μ′), (d) imaginary permeability (μ′′).

Fig. 9. Frequency dependences of (a) the dielectric loss tangent (ε′′/ε′) and (c) the magnetic loss tangent (μ′′/μ′); (b) Cole-Cole semicircles and (d) C0-f curves of HE REB6/HE REB4 composites.

Fig. 10. Comparison of (a) reflection loss (RL) and (b) impedance match (Zin/Z0) of HE REB6/HE REB4.

Fig. 11. (a) 3D representations of reflection loss (RL) values, (b) frequency dependence of RL curves, (c) 2D contour plots of 3D RL representations, (d) simulations of the thickness of absorber (dmin) versus peak frequency (fm), (e) 3D representations of impedance matching (Z) values and (f) 2D contour plots of 3D Z representations of HE REB6/HE REB4-1 composite powders.

Fig. 12. (a) 3D representations of reflection loss (RL) values, (b) frequency dependence of RL curves, (c) 2D contour plots of 3D RL representations, (d) simulations of the thickness of absorber (dmin) versus peak frequency (fm), (e) 3D representations of impedance matching (Z) values and (f) 2D contour plots of 3D Z representations of HE REB6/HE REB4-2 composite powders.

Fig. 13. Comparisons of EM wave absorption properties including reflection loss, thickness and effective bandwidth of HE REB6/HE REB4-1 and HE REB6/HE REB4-2 with current EM wave absorbing materials in a 3D plot.

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High entropy rare earth hexaborides/tetraborides (HE REB₆/HE REB₄) composite powders with enhanced electromagnetic wave absorption performance

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