J. Mater. Sci. Technol. ›› 2021, Vol. 62: 173-179.DOI: 10.1016/j.jmst.2020.05.056
• Research Article • Previous Articles Next Articles
Pan Wanga,*(
), Xinwei Lib, Shumin Luoa, Mui Ling Sharon Naia, Jun Dingb, Jun Weia
Received:2020-04-07
Revised:2020-05-10
Accepted:2020-05-17
Published:2021-01-30
Online:2021-02-01
Contact:
Pan Wang
About author:* E-mail address: wangp@SIMTech.a-star.edu.sg (P. Wang).Pan Wang, Xinwei Li, Shumin Luo, Mui Ling Sharon Nai, Jun Ding, Jun Wei. Additively manufactured heterogeneously porous metallic bone with biostructural functions and bone-like mechanical properties[J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2021, 62: 173-179.
Fig. 1. Schematic of the gyroid design, illustrating steps from the initial gyroid design to hexa-cut, axial-cut and the working mechanisms of the pores.
Fig. 2. (A) Side view of the computer-aided design of gyroids G1 to G5. Inset arrows correspond to the various features applied to the gyroids. Digital images of the (B) whole as-printed lattice and (C) SEM micrograph of zoomed-in portions, revealing the successfully built pores.
| Designed | As-built | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wall thickness (μm) | Wall spacing (μm) | Pore size (μm) | Type of pores added | Wall thickness (μm) | Wall spacing (μm) | Pore size (μm) | |
| G1 | 1000 | 2000 | 800 | H | 1027.6 ± 16.0 | 1968.8 ± 18.0 | 752.1 ± 28.5 |
| G2 | 1000 | 1500 | 800 | A | 1027.4 ± 20.9 | 1472.8 ± 19.7 | 739.1 ± 16.5 |
| G3 | 1250 | 1250 | 700 | A | 1280.6 ± 13.2 | 1219.6 ± 20.5 | 638.6 ± 14.6 |
| G4 | 1000 | 1500 | 800 | H + A | 1027.8 ± 19.6 | 1472.8 ± 25.8 | 734.1 ± 15.6 |
| G5 | 1250 | 1250 | 700 | H + A | 1280.4 ± 17.2 | 1220.6 ± 26.4 | 637.8 ± 15.0 |
Table 1 Nomenclature, the designed and measured as-built feature dimensions of the five designed gyroids. For the type of pores added, H and A refers to hexa- and axial-cuts respectively.
| Designed | As-built | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wall thickness (μm) | Wall spacing (μm) | Pore size (μm) | Type of pores added | Wall thickness (μm) | Wall spacing (μm) | Pore size (μm) | |
| G1 | 1000 | 2000 | 800 | H | 1027.6 ± 16.0 | 1968.8 ± 18.0 | 752.1 ± 28.5 |
| G2 | 1000 | 1500 | 800 | A | 1027.4 ± 20.9 | 1472.8 ± 19.7 | 739.1 ± 16.5 |
| G3 | 1250 | 1250 | 700 | A | 1280.6 ± 13.2 | 1219.6 ± 20.5 | 638.6 ± 14.6 |
| G4 | 1000 | 1500 | 800 | H + A | 1027.8 ± 19.6 | 1472.8 ± 25.8 | 734.1 ± 15.6 |
| G5 | 1250 | 1250 | 700 | H + A | 1280.4 ± 17.2 | 1220.6 ± 26.4 | 637.8 ± 15.0 |
| Accelerating voltage (kV) | Preheating temperature (°C) | Speed function | Layer thickness (μm) | Line offset (μm) | Focus offset (mA) | Hatch depth (μm) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 60 | 730 | 98 | 50 | 100 | 3 | 50 |
Table 2 The setting of the process parameters used by Arcam A2X system.
| Accelerating voltage (kV) | Preheating temperature (°C) | Speed function | Layer thickness (μm) | Line offset (μm) | Focus offset (mA) | Hatch depth (μm) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 60 | 730 | 98 | 50 | 100 | 3 | 50 |
| Designed | Printed | Difference | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Density (g/cm3) | Relative porosity (100 %) | Density (g/cm3) | Relative porosity (100 %) | Density (g/cm3) | Relative porosity (100 %) | |
| G1 | 1.921 | 56.6 | 1.781 ± 0.002 | 59.792 ± 0.034 | -0.140 | 3.2 |
| G2 | 2.025 | 54.3 | 1.899 ± 0.008 | 57.139 ± 0.172 | -0.127 | 2.9 |
| G3 | 2.557 | 42.3 | 2.391 ± 0.014 | 46.022 ± 0.306 | -0.166 | 3.7 |
| G4 | 1.902 | 57.1 | 1.864 ± 0.008 | 57.913 ± 0.173 | -0.037 | 0.8 |
| G5 | 2.438 | 45.0 | 2.362 ± 0.015 | 46.677 ± 0.334 | -0.076 | 1.7 |
Table 3 Designed, measured and their difference of densities and relative porosities.
| Designed | Printed | Difference | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Density (g/cm3) | Relative porosity (100 %) | Density (g/cm3) | Relative porosity (100 %) | Density (g/cm3) | Relative porosity (100 %) | |
| G1 | 1.921 | 56.6 | 1.781 ± 0.002 | 59.792 ± 0.034 | -0.140 | 3.2 |
| G2 | 2.025 | 54.3 | 1.899 ± 0.008 | 57.139 ± 0.172 | -0.127 | 2.9 |
| G3 | 2.557 | 42.3 | 2.391 ± 0.014 | 46.022 ± 0.306 | -0.166 | 3.7 |
| G4 | 1.902 | 57.1 | 1.864 ± 0.008 | 57.913 ± 0.173 | -0.037 | 0.8 |
| G5 | 2.438 | 45.0 | 2.362 ± 0.015 | 46.677 ± 0.334 | -0.076 | 1.7 |
Fig. 3. (A) Representative compressive stress-strain results of lattices G1 to G5. (B) Material chart of the compressive strength and Young’s modulus of Ti-6Al-4V based lattices including the present work and comparisons from literature (references in the figure). The present work shows to have extremely close properties with that of the longitudinal and transverse natural bone. (C) Schematic of using an implant with bone-like properties and using one with higher stiffness which will result in stress shielding.
| Young's Modulus (GPa) | Compressive Strength (MPa) | |
|---|---|---|
| G1 | 13.2 ± 0.7 | 228.4 ± 21.1 |
| G2 | 8.2 ± 0.2 | 151.6 ± 2.2 |
| G3 | 15.6 ± 2.0 | 237.8 ± 2.2 |
| G4 | 8.6 ± 1.2 | 150.3 ± 0.6 |
| G5 | 15.3 ± 1.1 | 243.6 ± 8.2 |
Table 4 Experimentally measured Young’s modulus and compression strength. Error is given in a standard deviation of 3 sample sets.
| Young's Modulus (GPa) | Compressive Strength (MPa) | |
|---|---|---|
| G1 | 13.2 ± 0.7 | 228.4 ± 21.1 |
| G2 | 8.2 ± 0.2 | 151.6 ± 2.2 |
| G3 | 15.6 ± 2.0 | 237.8 ± 2.2 |
| G4 | 8.6 ± 1.2 | 150.3 ± 0.6 |
| G5 | 15.3 ± 1.1 | 243.6 ± 8.2 |
Fig. 4. Experimental and FEM deformation mechanisms of (A) Mode I, consisting of G1, (B) Mode II, consisting of G4 and G2, (C) Mode III, consisting of G5 and G3.
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