J. Mater. Sci. Technol. ›› 2020, Vol. 42: 97-105.DOI: 10.1016/j.jmst.2019.11.004
• Orginal Article • Previous Articles Next Articles
Yuan Zhonga, Leifeng Liub, Ji Zoub, Xiaodong Lic, Daqing Cuia, Zhijian Shena*()
Received:
2019-08-14
Revised:
2019-09-30
Accepted:
2019-10-07
Published:
2020-04-01
Online:
2020-04-16
Contact:
Shen Zhijian
Yuan Zhong, Leifeng Liu, Ji Zou, Xiaodong Li, Daqing Cui, Zhijian Shen. Oxide dispersion strengthened stainless steel 316L with superior strength and ductility by selective laser melting[J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2020, 42: 97-105.
Fig. 1. Workflow for preparing ODS by SLM (a); SEM images of the precursor 316 L steel powder (a), precursor Y2O3 powder (b) ball milled powder mixture at low magnification (c) and high magnification (d); SLM process of powder mixture (f), consolidated ODS-316 L (g) and shape of tensile test samples (h).
No. | P (W) | v (mm/s) | d (mm) | h (mm) | w*, (J/mm3) | Nominal Y2O3 (wt%) | Real Y2O3, (wt%) | Density, (g/cm3) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ODS-0 | 195 | 900 | 0.15 | 0.02 | 72.2 | 0 | 0 | 7.942 |
ODS-1 | 195 | 800 | 0.08 | 0.02 | 152 | 1 | 0.296 | 7.941 |
ODS-2 | 195 | 700 | 0.06 | 0.02 | 232 | 2 | 0.374 | 7.937 |
Table 1 Process parameters of ODS 316 L stainless steels with different amount of Y2O3 additions, P=Laser power, v=scanning speed, d=hatch spacing, h=layer thickness, w= power density.
No. | P (W) | v (mm/s) | d (mm) | h (mm) | w*, (J/mm3) | Nominal Y2O3 (wt%) | Real Y2O3, (wt%) | Density, (g/cm3) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ODS-0 | 195 | 900 | 0.15 | 0.02 | 72.2 | 0 | 0 | 7.942 |
ODS-1 | 195 | 800 | 0.08 | 0.02 | 152 | 1 | 0.296 | 7.941 |
ODS-2 | 195 | 700 | 0.06 | 0.02 | 232 | 2 | 0.374 | 7.937 |
Fig. 2. Microstructure of ODS-0, ODS-1 and ODS-2, respectively: OM images of the melt pools with top view and side view (a), SEM image of the etched surfaces revealing cellular segregation network (b) and finely polished surface revealing nanoinclusions (c).
Fig. 3. TEM characterization of the nanoinclusions in the sample ODS-1: BFTEM (a) and DFTEM (b) images, the selected area diffraction pattern was inserted in (a), BFTEM image showing agglomeration of nanoinclusions (c), calculated size distribution of oxide inclusions (d), TEM EDS mapping on several large nanoinclusions (e), EDS results on two nanoinclusions with different compositions (f).
Fig. 5. Tensile behaviors tested at different temperatures of the sample ODS-1 (a), SEM images of fracture surface at different temperature (b), side view of fracture tip at different temperatures with inserted images revealing the large micro-size voids (c).
Fig. 6. Agglomerations of nanoinclusions in the sample ODS-1 in a single melt trace with different scanning speed: 600 mm/s (a), 800 mm/s (b), and 1200 mm/s. The inserted image shows the agglomeration behavior in the bulk material away from the top surface. EDS mapping of some agglomerations (d) and a schematic drawing of the agglomeration formation in a melt pool (e).
Fig. 8. Elongated nano-voids observed in the non-necking section of the sample tested at RT (a), Nanoinclusions located in the non-necking section without voids formed in the sample at 250 °C (b), voids growth suppression by nanostructured segregation network (c), summarize of the necking mechanism of SLM ODS-316 L and the traditional fabricated 316 L as comparison (d).
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