Phosphomolybdic acid-modified highly organized TiO2 nanotube arrays with rapid photochromic performance

doi:10.1016/j.jmst.2019.05.014

Abstract

Abstract:

TiO₂ nanotube arrays were prepared by means of an electrochemical anodization technique in an organic electrolyte solution doped with polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) and were subsequently modified with phosphomolybdic acid (PMoA) to obtain PMoA/TiO₂ nanotube arrays. The microstructure and photochromic properties were investigated via X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-vis), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results indicated that the Keggin structure of PMoA and the nanotube structure of TiO₂ were not destroyed, and there was a strong degree of interaction between PMoA and TiO₂ at the biphasic interface with lattice interlacing during the compositing process. The XPS results further indicated that there was a change in the chemical microenvironment during the formation process of the composite, and a new charge transfer bridge was formed through the Mo-O-Ti bond. Under visible light irradiation, the colorless PMoA/TiO₂ nanotube array quickly turned blue and exhibited a photochromic response together with reversible photochromism in the presence of H₂O₂. After visible light irradiation for 60 s, the appearance of Mo⁵⁺ species in the XPS spectra indicated a photoreduction process in accordance with a photoinduced electron transfer mechanism.

Key words: Phosphomolybdic acid, TiO₂ nanotube array, Rapid, Photochromic performance

Yuanyuan Wei, Bing Han, Zhaojun Dong, Wei Feng. Phosphomolybdic acid-modified highly organized TiO₂ nanotube arrays with rapid photochromic performance[J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2019, 35(9): 1951-1958.

Figures/Tables 12

Fig. 1. XRD patterns of PMoA (a), TiO2 nanotube array (b) and PMoA/TiO2 nanotube array without visible light irradiation.

Fig. 2. FTIR spectra of PMoA (a), TiO2 (b) and the PMoA/TiO2 nanotube array before (c) and after (d) visible light irradiation. The inserted picture of the Fig. 2 is the FTIR spectra of PMoA/TiO2 nanotube array before (c) and after (d) visible light irradiation in the range of 650-850 cm-1.

Fig. 3. SEM images of TiO2 nanotube array (a) and PMoA/TiO2 nanotube array (b).

Fig. 4. TEM images of TiO2 nanotube array (a), PMoA/TiO2 nanotube array (b) and HRTEM images of PMoA/TiO2 nanotube array (c).

Fig. 5. Gaussian deconvolution of Ti 2p (a), Mo 3d (b) and O 1s (c) level spectra of pure TiO2, pure PMoA and the PMoA/TiO2 nanotube array without visible light irradiation.

Fig. 6. UV-Vis adsorption spectra of the PMoA/TiO2 nanotube array after different visible light irradiation times.

Fig. 7. UV-Vis spectra of the PMoA/TiO2 nanotube array without visible light irradiation (a), irradiation for 60 s (b), 7 d in nitrogen or under vacuum after irradiation for 60 s (c), 2 h in oxygen after irradiation for 60 s (d), 20 h in oxygen after irradiation for 60 s (e) and bleaching process (f).

Fig. 8. Coloration-discoloration cycles of the PMoA/TiO2 nanotube array at 715 nm.

Fig. 9. UV absorption edges of the TiO2 nanotube array and PMoA/TiO2 nanotube array.

Fig. 10. Gaussian deconvolution of Mo3d level spectra of PMoA/TiO2 nanotube array after visible light irradiation for 60 s.

Table 1 Binding energies (eV) of the Mo 3d peak of the PMoA/TiO2 nanotube array before and after 60 s of visible light irradiation.

Sample	Mo⁶⁺		Mo⁵⁺		Mo⁵⁺/ Mo ratio
Sample	3d_5/2	3d_7/2	3d_5/2	3d_7/2	Mo⁵⁺/ Mo ratio
PMoA/TiO₂ (before)	232.65	235.82	231.78	234.99	0.38
PMoA/TiO₂ (after)	232.64	235.75	231.83	234.92	0.42

Fig. 11. Schematic diagram of photochromic mechanism of PMoA/TiO2 nanotube array.

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Phosphomolybdic acid-modified highly organized TiO₂ nanotube arrays with rapid photochromic performance

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