J. Mater. Sci. Technol. ›› 2018, Vol. 34 ›› Issue (9): 1676-1684.DOI: 10.1016/j.jmst.2017.12.012
Special Issue: Nanomaterials 2018; Stainless Steel & High Strength Steel 2018
• Orginal Article • Previous Articles Next Articles
Received:
2017-10-08
Revised:
2017-11-06
Accepted:
2017-11-30
Online:
2018-09-20
Published:
2018-09-25
Contact:
Wang Z.B.
K. Zhang, Z.B. Wang. Strain-induced formation of a gradient nanostructured surface layer on an ultrahigh strength bearing steel[J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2018, 34(9): 1676-1684.
Fig. 1. (a) SEM morphology of AISI 52100 bearing steel in quenched and tempered state, TEM morphologies of (b) martensitic laths and (c) martensitic twins in initial sample and (d) XRD patterns measured on initial sample and at different depths in SMRT sample (The insert in (c) shows the SAED pattern of the circled zone).
Fig. 2. (a, b, c) TEM images of lath martensite and (d, e, f) statistic distributions of lath width at depths of (a, d) ~140 μm, (b, e) ~80 μm and (c, f) ~40 μm in SMRT surface layer.
Fig. 3. TEM morphologies of different dislocation structures formed at depths of (a) ~140 μm and (b) ~ 80 μm with vanishment of lath boundaries of martensite in the SMRT surface layer.
Fig. 4. (a) Bright-field and (b) dark-field TEM images of interaction of twins with a shear band at depth of ~40 μm in SMRT surface layer and (c) TEM image of twin-twin intersection at depth of ~20 μm.
Fig. 5. (a) TEM image showing dense dislocations accumulating around a cementite particle at depth of ~40 μm in SMRT surface layer, (b) bright-field and (c) dark-field TEM images showing interactions between a cementite particle and twins at depth of ~40 μm, (d) bright-field and (e) dark-field images showing that a cementite particle was cut by a dislocation slip band (as pointed by the arrow) at depth of ~20 μm (Stress stripes due to stress concentrations are marked by triangles in the cementite particles, and nano-sized grains are marked by arrows in (b) and (c)).
Fig. 6. (a) Bright-field TEM image and (b) corresponding SAED pattern observed at depth of ~10 μm in SMRT surface layer and (c) TEM image and (d) SAED pattern at the topmost surface.
Fig. 7. TEM image showing a cementite particle remained in the topmost surface layer (Dislocations slip bands along (110)θ and (100)θ planes were developed in it).
Fig. 8. In-depth distribution of microhardness on SMRT sample combining measurements from both planar view and cross-sectional view (The value at a depth measured from the planar view was averaged from at least 9 measurements on the exposed surface after iterative electrolytic sectioning (Section 2). The microhardness distribution in the as-received sample is plotted for comparison).
Fig. 10 schematically summarizes the above-mentioned microstructure evolution processes, as well as the subsequent formation of nanocrystallites, with decreasing depth in the SMRT surface layer.
Fig. 11. (a) Variation of characteristic size of martensite with depth in SMRT surface layer and (b) comparison of in-depth distributions of microhardness in different bearing steels (in quenched and tempered states) processed by SMRT and other surface mechanical processing routes in references [11,19,[32], [33], [34] (Hardness ratio (i.e. the measured value vs corresponding matrix value) is used in y-axis for a better clearness. SFPB means supersonic fine particles bombarding process [34]).
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