Formability of friction stir processed low carbon steels used in shipbuilding

doi:10.1016/j.jmst.2017.10.020

Abstract

Abstract:

The stretch formability of a low carbon steel processed by friction stir processing (FSP) was studied under biaxial loading condition applied by a miniaturized Erichsen test. One-pass FSP decreased the ferritic grain size in the processed zone from 25 μm to about 3 μm, which also caused a remarkable increase in strength values without considerable decrease in formability under uniaxial loading. A coarse-grained (CG) sample before FSP reflected a moderate formability with an Erichsen index (EI) of 2.73 mm. FSP slightly decreased the stretch formability of the sample to 2.66 mm. However, FSP increased the required punch load (F_EI) due to the increased strength by grain refinement. FSP reduced considerably the roughness of the free surface of the biaxial stretched samples with reduced orange peel effect. The average roughness value (Ra) decreased from 2.90 in the CG sample down to about 0.65 μm in fine-grained (FG) sample after FSP. It can be concluded that the FG microstructure in low carbon steels sheets or plates used generally in shipbuilding provides a good balance between strength and formability.

Key words: Friction stir processing, Low carbon shipbuilding steel, Formability, Microstructure, Mechanical properties

D.M. Sekban, S.M. Akterer, O. Saray, Z.Y. Ma, G. Purcek. Formability of friction stir processed low carbon steels used in shipbuilding[J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2018, 34(1): 237-244.

Figures/Tables 10

Table 1 Chemical composition of low carbon steel (Grade A).

	C	Mn	P	S	Si	Cu	Cr	V	Mo	Fe
Grade A Steel	0.16	0.7	0.18	0.11	0.18	0.04	0.09	0.04	0.14	Bal.

Fig. 1. (a) Schematic illustrations of the FSPed plate and the position of the specimens inside the FSPed zone; (b) miniaturized Erichsen die set.

Fig. 2. Microstructural feature of base steel plate: (a) low magnification optical micrograph and (b) high magnification SEM micrograph.

Fig. 3. Optical and SEM micrographs showing the microstructures of FSPed steel: (a) a global cross-sectional view of FSPed steel plate, (b)-(d) microstructures in the middle of the SZ (also the region where the tensile and Erichsen samples were taken).

Fig. 4. Engineering stress-strain curves of the steel plate before (base) and after FSP.

Table 2 Room temperature uniaxial tensile properties of the steel plate before and after FSP.

Condition	Yield strength (σ_y) (MPa)	Tensile strength (σ_uts) (MPa)	Uniform elongation (?_u) (%)	Failure elongation (?_f) (%)
Base	256 ± 7	435 ± 6	18.4 ± 0.3	44.2 ± 2.4
FSPed	334 ± 6	525 ± 13	13.9 ± 0.6	32.4 ± 1.7

Fig. 5. Punch load (F)-punch displacement (X) curves and dF/dX - X curves of base and FSPed low carbon steel.

Table 3 Erichsen Index (EI) and punch force (FEI) of base and FSPed low carbon steel samples.

Condition	Erichsen Index, EI (mm)	Load at Erichsen Index, F_EI (N)
Base steel	2.73 ± 0.15	3822 ± 44
FSPed steel	2.66 ± 0.1	4892 ± 61

Fig. 6. SEM micrographs of free dome surfaces and 3D profilometric view of dome surfaces-2D view of worn tracts of dome surfaces of: (a) base steel and (b) FSPed steel.

Fig. 7. Variation in the thickness of: (a) based steel and (b) FSPed steel after biaxial stretching via the Erichsen test.

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