J. Mater. Sci. Technol. ›› 2017, Vol. 33 ›› Issue (9): 907-918.DOI: 10.1016/j.jmst.2017.04.004
• Orginal Article • Next Articles
Karparvarfard S.M.H.a, Shaha S.K.a*(
), Behravesh S.B.a, Jahed H.a*(), Williams B.W.b
Received:2016-10-20
Revised:2017-01-31
Accepted:2017-01-31
Online:2017-09-20
Published:2017-10-16
Contact:
Shaha S.K.,Jahed H.
About author:1 The authors contributed equally to this work.
Karparvarfard S.M.H., Shaha S.K., Behravesh S.B., Jahed H., Williams B.W.. Microstructure, texture and mechanical behavior characterization of hot forged cast ZK60 magnesium alloy[J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2017, 33(9): 907-918.
| Element | Zn | Zr | Others | Mg |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Composition | 5.8 | 0.61 | <0.30 | Balance |
Table 1 Chemical composition of as-cast ZK60 Mg alloy (wt%).
| Element | Zn | Zr | Others | Mg |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Composition | 5.8 | 0.61 | <0.30 | Balance |
Fig. 1. Geometries of Mg alloy ZK60 after forging at (a) 350℃ and (b) 450℃ (Note that lowering the deformation temperatures causes severe edge cracks in the materials as seen in (a)).
Fig. 2. Schematic illustration of specimen locations and direction convention for (a) as-cast and (b) forged Mg alloy ZK60 specimens.
Fig. 3. Typical specimen geometries of (a) compression and (b) tension tests (all dimensions are in millimeters (mm) except for surface roughness, which is 0.2 μm; axes x and y are axes of symmetry).
| x (mm) | y (mm) | x (mm) | y (mm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 0.00 | 3.00 | 7.64 | 3.37 |
| 0.68 | 3.00 | 8.38 | 3.49 |
| 1.37 | 3.00 | 9.14 | 3.63 |
| 2.05 | 3.01 | 9.93 | 3.82 |
| 2.74 | 3.03 | 10.69 | 4.05 |
| 3.42 | 3.04 | 11.36 | 4.37 |
| 4.11 | 3.07 | 11.77 | 4.71 |
| 4.80 | 3.11 | 12.01 | 4.98 |
| 5.50 | 3.15 | 12.25 | 5.34 |
| 6.20 | 3.20 | 12.52 | 6.00 |
| 6.91 | 3.28 | 40.00 | 6.00 |
Table 2 Geometry for tension dog-bone sample.
| x (mm) | y (mm) | x (mm) | y (mm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 0.00 | 3.00 | 7.64 | 3.37 |
| 0.68 | 3.00 | 8.38 | 3.49 |
| 1.37 | 3.00 | 9.14 | 3.63 |
| 2.05 | 3.01 | 9.93 | 3.82 |
| 2.74 | 3.03 | 10.69 | 4.05 |
| 3.42 | 3.04 | 11.36 | 4.37 |
| 4.11 | 3.07 | 11.77 | 4.71 |
| 4.80 | 3.11 | 12.01 | 4.98 |
| 5.50 | 3.15 | 12.25 | 5.34 |
| 6.20 | 3.20 | 12.52 | 6.00 |
| 6.91 | 3.28 | 40.00 | 6.00 |
Fig. 4. Typical OM (a, b) and SEM (c, d) microstructures of the as-cast ZK60 Mg-alloy in conjunction with EDX (e) line scans exhibiting the presence of intermetallics containing Zn and Zr. The microstructure was taken in (a) unetched and (b-d) etched conditions.
Fig. 5. XRD patterns showing the phases present in the ZK60 Mg alloy in as-cast condition. The inserted graph is the magnified view along y-axis.
Fig. 6. Typical OM microstructures of as-cast followed by forging ZK60 Mg-alloy in (a) unetched and (b, c) etched conditions. The location enclosed by yellow box is magnified view of that illustrated in (c).
Fig. 7. PF of (0002) and (10$overline{1}$0) obtained from ZK60 Mg alloy in (a) as-cast and (b) forged condition. The schematic illustration shows the orientation of hcp unit cells in the material.
Fig. 8. Typical engineering stress-engineering strain curves under tension loading of ZK60 Mg-alloy in as-cast and forged conditions tested along LD and RD and a strain rate of 10-3s-1.
| YST (MPa) | UTS (MPa) | Fracture strain (%) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| As-Cast | LD | 138±0 | 279±3 | 15±1 |
| RD | 140±1 | 278±7 | 14±4 | |
| Forged | LD | 163±10 | 286±4 | 26±3 |
| RD | 177±0 | 284±1 | 24±0 | |
| Extruded [ | ED | 267 | 331 | 24.5 |
| ED | 174 | 326 | 24 | |
| TD | 221 | 316 | 11 | |
| Upsetting of cast [ | - | 224 | 286 | 21 |
| Upsetting of extruded [ | ED | 168 | 319 | 32 |
| TD | 198 | 290 | 13 |
Table 3 Tension monotonic mechanical properties of as-cast and forged ZK60 Mg alloy along different directions.
| YST (MPa) | UTS (MPa) | Fracture strain (%) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| As-Cast | LD | 138±0 | 279±3 | 15±1 |
| RD | 140±1 | 278±7 | 14±4 | |
| Forged | LD | 163±10 | 286±4 | 26±3 |
| RD | 177±0 | 284±1 | 24±0 | |
| Extruded [ | ED | 267 | 331 | 24.5 |
| ED | 174 | 326 | 24 | |
| TD | 221 | 316 | 11 | |
| Upsetting of cast [ | - | 224 | 286 | 21 |
| Upsetting of extruded [ | ED | 168 | 319 | 32 |
| TD | 198 | 290 | 13 |
Fig. 9. Typical engineering stress-engineering strain curves under compression loading of ZK60 Mg alloy in as-cast and forged conditions tested at LD, FD and RD and a strain rate of 10-3 s-1.
| YSC (MPa) | UCS (MPa) | Fracture strain (%) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| As-cast | LD | 109±6 | 352±4 | 19±0 |
| RD | 118±0 | 354±4 | 19±1 | |
| Forged | LD | 111±1 | 390±6 | 13±1 |
| RD | 119±1 | 391±4 | 14±1 | |
| FD | 127±4 | 373±13 | 15±0 |
Table 4 Monotonic mechanical properties under compression of as-cast and forged ZK60 Mg alloy.
| YSC (MPa) | UCS (MPa) | Fracture strain (%) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| As-cast | LD | 109±6 | 352±4 | 19±0 |
| RD | 118±0 | 354±4 | 19±1 | |
| Forged | LD | 111±1 | 390±6 | 13±1 |
| RD | 119±1 | 391±4 | 14±1 | |
| FD | 127±4 | 373±13 | 15±0 |
Fig. 10. Typical engineering stress vs. engineering plastic strain curves under monotonic compression loading in as-cast and forged Mg alloy ZK60.
Fig. 11. Polished cross-sectional morphologies showing fracture face profile with basal (0002) pole figures of (a) as-cast and (b) forged ZK60 Mg alloy after tension testing. The enclosed yellow line shows the secondary crack near the fracture surface in the cast materials.
Fig. 12. Polished cross-section morphologies showing microstructures near fracture surface with basal (0002) pole figures after compression testing for (a) as-cast and forged ZK60 Mg alloy followed by compression along (b) LD and (c) FD. The enclosed yellow boxes show the location of higher magnified images. Note that the schematic illustration shows the orientation of the unit cells in grains before and after deformation.
Fig. 13. SEM micrographs showing overall and magnified view of tensile fracture surface of ZK60 Mg-alloy in (a, b) as-cast and (c, d) forging conditions at (a, c) low and (b, d) magnification.
Fig. 14. Typical engineering stress-engineering strain curves under tension and compression loading of Mg alloy ZK60 in as-cast and forged conditions exhibiting asymmetric behavior in both conditions.
Fig. 15. Typical strain hardening rate-engineering strain curves under tension and compression loading of Mg alloy ZK60 in as-cast and forged conditions.
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