In vitro study on infectious ureteral encrustation resistance of Cu-bearing stainless steel

doi:10.1016/j.jmst.2017.03.025

Abstract

Abstract:

Cu-bearing stainless steel has been found to have obvious inhibition performance against encrustation in vitro. This study was aiming to further investigate the inhibitory effect of a Cu-bearing stainless steel (316L-Cu SS) on the infectious encrustation based on its antimicrobial activity. The encrustation in presence of bacteria, antibacterial performance, urease production and Ca and Mg precipitation were examined by scanning electron microscopy, antibacterial assay, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry, respectively. It was found that 316L-Cu SS could inhibit the formation of bacterial biofilm due to the release of Cu²⁺ ions and then decrease the urease amount splitting by bacteria, which produced a neutral environment with pH around 7. However, more encrustations coupled with bacterial biofilms on the surface of comparison stainless steel (316L SS) with an alkaline environment were recorded. It can thus be seen that the 316L-Cu SS highlights prominent superiority against encrustation in the presence of microorganisms.

Key words: 316L Cu-bearing stainless steel, Infectious encrustation, S.aureus, Urease, pH

Zhao Jing, Ren Ling, Zhang Bingchun, Cao Zhiqiang, Yang Ke. In vitro study on infectious ureteral encrustation resistance of Cu-bearing stainless steel[J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2017, 33(12): 1604-1609.

Figures/Tables 8

Fig. 1. Viable bacterial counts on the surface of materials. Initial co-culture density was 5 × 105 cfu/ml. Data were mean standard deviation (n = 3). Student t-test on the mean bacteria count on 316L-Cu SS was significantly less than that on 316L SS. *indicating statistically significant difference at p < 0.05.

Fig. 2. Cu2+ ions release from experimental materials in HU solution. Data were mean values (n = 3).

Fig. 3. Urease amount of bacterial suspension co-cultured with different materials within 7 days. Data were mean values (n = 3). *indicating a significant difference from the control values in the same day (p < 0.05).

Fig. 4. pH changes of bacterial suspension incubated with different materials within 7 days. Data were mean values calculated from experiments in triplicates. *indicating a significant difference from the control values (p < 0.05).

Fig. 5. Crystalline deposits on the surface of samples: (a) 316L-Cu SS, (b) 316L SS.

Fig. 6. Formation of a crystalline bioflim on the surface of a 316L SS sample. The crystalline structure attached on bacteria shown by EDS was composed of Ca, P and O.

Fig. 7. Ca (a) and Mg (b) contents in the encrustation on different materials by S.aureus. Models infected with S.aureus (5 × 105 cfu/ml) were supplied with mixed HU and AU solutions. Each value is the mean calculation from three replicated experiments. *, # and ? indicating significant differences from the control values at p < 0.05.

Fig. 8. Mechanism of 316L-Cu SS inhibiting infectious encrustation: (a) 316L SS, (b) 316L-Cu SS. The release of Cu2+ ions from 316L-Cu SS killed majority of bacteria that produced the uresae. The hydrolysis of urea was inhibited, resulting in restricting the elevation of pH. Less crystals were deposited on the surface of 316L-Cu SS.

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