J. Mater. Sci. Technol. ›› 2015, Vol. 31 ›› Issue (7): 675-698.DOI: 10.1016/j.jmst.2015.04.001
• Orginal Article • Next Articles
Peigen Zhang1, Yamei Zhang2, Zhengming Sun1, 2, *
Received:
2014-12-19
Online:
2015-07-20
Published:
2015-07-23
Contact:
*Corresponding author. Prof., Ph.D.; Tel.: +86 25 52091086; Fax: +86 25 52090668. E-mail addresses: Supported by:
Peigen Zhang, Yamei Zhang, Zhengming Sun. Spontaneous Growth of Metal Whiskers on Surfaces of Solids: A Review[J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2015, 31(7): 675-698.
(A) Zinc whiskers on hot dip galvanized steel pipe[32], and (B) very high aspect ratio bismuth wire grown on the surfaces of freshly fabricated composite thin films consisting of Bi and chrome-nitride[33].
(A) Tin whiskers on relays, (B) zinc whiskers on computer room flooring, (C) tin whiskers on D-sub connector, (D) tin whiskers on transformer can, (E) cadmium whiskers on connector, and (F) tin whiskers on lugs[32].
A copy of the datasheet packed with an iPhone 6 in China market, indicating Pb exceeds the upper limit in a China National Standard (right, English Translation).
Typical morphologies of Pb whiskers observed on the surface of a commercial leaded brass about 2 h after being lightly abraded with sandpaper. Striations in both the longitudinal and transverse directions are observed as shown in inset. The diameters of the whiskers ranged from a few tens to a few hundreds of nanometers. In the top right micrograph, a Pb hillock at the root of a curved thin Pb whisker was also observed[27].
Oxidation reaction based whisker growth model: (a) periodic hexagonal arrangement of Al grains (gray) surrounded by a thin oxide layer (not shown in the Figure) and Sn (white)
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