Synthesis of porous carbon spheres derived from lignin through a facile method for high performance supercapacitors

doi:10.1016/j.jmst.2018.03.010

Abstract

Abstract:

Porous carbon spheres (PCS) derived from lignin have been prepared through a facile method and fabricated as electrodes for electric double-layer capacitors. Spherical shaped mixtures of lignosulfonate and crystalized KOH are formed by spray drying of a solution of lignosulfonate and KOH. Activation by KOH is performed at high temperatures along with lignosulfonate carbonization. With an appropriate pore structure, the obtained PCS have a specific surface area of 1372.87 m² g^-1 and show a capacitance of 340 F g^-1 in 3 M KOH at a current density of 0.5 A g^-1. Moreover, a symmetric supercapacitor fabricated using the PCS as electrodes show a maximum capacitance of 68.5 F g^-1, and an energy density of 9.7 W h kg^-1 at a power density of 250 W kg^-1. The capacity retention is more than 94.5% after 5000 galvanostatic charge-discharge cycles. The excellent characteristics seem to be ascribed to the pore structures of PCS that have a large specific surface area and a low electrical resistance.

Key words: Porous carbon spheres, Supercapacitors, Spray drying, KOH activation

Yuemei Chen, Guoxiong Zhang, Jingyuan Zhang, Haibo Guo, Xin Feng, Yigang Chen, . Synthesis of porous carbon spheres derived from lignin through a facile method for high performance supercapacitors[J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2018, 34(11): 2189-2196.

Figures/Tables 7

Fig. 1. Morphology images of CS (a, b) and PCS (c, d,e).

Fig. 2. XRD pattern of the PCS and CS (a); Raman spectra of PCS and CS (b).

Fig. 3. N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms of PCS and CS (a); pore size distribution of PCS and CS (b).

Table 1 The pore properties of PCS and CS.

	S_BET [m² g^-1]	V_pore[m³ g^-1]	D_aver[nm]
Sample PCS	1590	0.89	2.59
Sample CS	663	0.33	2.14

Fig. 4. CV curves of CS and PCS at 10 mV s-1 scanning rate (a); CV curves of PCS at different scan rates (b); galvanostatic charge-discharge curves of CS and PCS at 0.5 A/g current density (c); galvanostatic charge-discharge curves of PCS at different current densities (d); electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) of CS and PCS (e).

Fig. 5. CV curves of PCS based symmetric supercapacitor at different scan rates (a); GCD curves of PCS based symmetric supercapacitor at different current densities (b); the specific capacitance of PCS and CS based symmetric supercapacitor at different current densities (c); electrochemical impedance spectroscopy of PCS based symmetric supercapacitor (d); cycle stability of PCS based symmetric supercapacitor at a current density of 4 A/g for 5000 cycles (e).

Fig. 6. Ragone plot of PCS based symmetric supercapacitor.

References

[1]	Y. Zhai, Y. Dou, D. Zhao, P.F. Fulvio, R.T. Mayes, S. Dai, Adv. Mater. 23(2011)4828-4850.
[2]	X. Zhao, B.M. Sanchez, P.J. Dobson, P.S. Grant, Nanoscale 3 (2011) 839-855.
[3]	H. Jiang, P.S. Lee, C. Li, Energy Environ. Sci. 6(2013) 41-53.
[4]	L.L. Zhang, X.S. Zhao, Chem. Soc. Rev. 38(2009) 2520-2531.
[5]	Z. Yang, J. Zhang, M.C.W.Kintner-Meyer, X.Lu, D. Choi, J.P. Lemmon, J. Liu, Chem. Rev. 111(2011) 3577-3613.
[6]	F. Cao, G.X. Pan, X.H. Xia, P.S. Tang, H.F. Chen, J. Power Sources 264 (2014)161-167.
[7]	F. Beguin, V. Presser, A. Balducci, E. Frackowiak, Adv. Mater. 26(2014)2219-2251, 2283.
[8]	G. Wang, L. Zhang, J. Zhang, Chem. Soc. Rev. 41(2012) 797-828.
[9]	C.M.A.Parlett, K. Wilson, A.F. Lee, Chem. Soc. Rev. 42(2013) 3876-3893.
[10]	Y. Li, Z.Y. Fu, B.L. Su, Adv. Funct. Mater. 22(2012) 4634-4667.
[11]	L. Dai, D.W. Chang, J.B. Baek, W. Lu, Small 8 (2012) 1130-1166.
[12]	L. Qie, W. Chen, H. Xu, X. Xiong, Y. Jiang, F. Zou, X. Hu, Y. Xin, Z. Zhang, Y.Huang, Energy Environ. Sci. 6(2013) 2497-2504.
[13]	W. Zhang, H. Lin, Z. Lin, J. Yin, H. Lu, D. Liu, M. Zhao, Chemsuschem 8 (2015)2114-2122.
[14]	J. Hou, C. Cao, F. Idrees, X. Ma, Acs Nano 9 (2015) 2556-2564.
[15]	Y. Fang, Y. Lv, R. Che, H. Wu, X. Zhang, D. Gu, G. Zheng, D. Zhao, J. Am. Chem.Soc. 135(2013) 1524-1530.
[16]	Y.H. Zhao, M.X. Liu, L.H. Gan, X.M. Ma, D.Z. Zhu, Z.J. Xu, L.W. Chen, EnergyFuels 28 (2014) 1561-1568.
[17]	L. Pang, B. Zou, X. Han, L. Cao, W. Wang, Y. Guo, Mater. Lett. 184(2016) 88-91.
[18]	Y. Lv, L. Gan, M. Liu, W. Xiong, Z. Xu, D. Zhu, D.S. Wright, J. Power Sources 209(2012) 152-157.
[19]	Y. Qiao, H. Wang, X. Zhang, P. Jia, T. Shen, X. Hao, Y. Tang, X. Wang, W. Gao, L.Kong, Mater. Lett. 184(2016) 252-256.
[20]	H.J. Liu, J. Wang, C.X. Wang, Y.Y. Xia, Adv. Energy Mater. 1(2011) 1101-1108.
[22]	Y. Wang, Y. Liu, W. Liu, G. Zhang, G. Liu, H. Chen, J.L. Yang, J. Alloys Compd.677(2016) 105-111.
[23]	X. He, Z. Liu, H. Ma, N. Zhang, M. Yu, M. Wu, Microporous Mesoporous Mater.236(2016) 134-140.
[24]	F. Sun, J. Gao, X. Liu, X. Pi, Y. Yang, S. Wu, Appl. Surf. Sci. 387(2016)857-863.
[25]	J. Zakzeski, P.C.A.Bruijnincx, A.L. Jongerius, B.M. Weckhuysen, Chem. Rev. 110(2010) 3552-3599.
[26]	K.L. Wang, M. Xu, Y. Gu, Z.R. Gu, Q.H. Fan, J. Power Sources 332 (2016)180-186.
[27]	M. Armandi, B. Bonelli, F. Geobaldo, E. Garrone, Microporous MesoporousMat. 132(2010) 414-420.
[28]	W. Chen, H. Zhang, Y. Huang, W. Wang, J. Mater. Chem. 20(2010)4773-4775.
[29]	W. Qian, F. Sun, Y. Xu, L. Qiu, C. Liu, S. Wang, F. Yan, Energy Environ. Sci. 7(2014) 379-386.
[30]	H. Feng, H. Hu, H. Dong, Y. Xiao, Y. Cai, B. Lei, Y. Liu, M. Zheng, J. Power Sources302 (2016) 164-173.
[31]	X.G. Yang, C. Li, W. Wang, B.J. Yang, S.Y. Zhang, Y.T. Qian, Chem. Commun.(2004) 342-343.
[32]	Q. Wang, J. Yan, Y. Wang, T. Wei, M. Zhang, X. Jing, Z. Fan, Carbon 67 (2014)119-127.
[33]	J. Wang, S. Kaskel, J. Mater. Chem. 22(2012) 23710-23725.
[34]	Y.Q. Zhao, M. Lu, P.Y. Tao, Y.J. Zhang, X.T. Gong, Z. Yang, G.Q. Zhang, H.L. Li, J.Power Sources 307 (2016) 391-400.
[35]	Y. Zhu, S. Murali, M.D. Stoller, K.J. Ganesh, W. Cai, P.J. Ferreira, A. Pirkle, R.M.Wallace, K.A. Cychosz, M. Thommes, D. Su, E.A. Stach, R.S. Ruoff, Science 332(2011) 1537-1541.
[36]	Y. Gogotsi, P. Simon, Science 334 (2011) 917-918.