J. Mater. Sci. Technol. ›› 2019, Vol. 35 ›› Issue (5): 865-874.DOI: 10.1016/j.jmst.2018.11.006
• Orginal Article • Previous Articles Next Articles
Hui Guoab, Suode Zhanga, Wenhai Suna, Jianqiang Wanga?()
Received:
2018-07-17
Accepted:
2018-10-24
Online:
2019-05-10
Published:
2019-02-20
Contact:
Wang Jianqiang
About author:
1 These authors contribute equally to this paper.
Hui Guo, Suode Zhang, Wenhai Sun, Jianqiang Wang. Differences in dry sliding wear behavior between HVAF-sprayed amorphous steel and crystalline stainless steel coatings[J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2019, 35(5): 865-874.
Fig. 2 SEM images taken from cross-section of HVAF-sprayed ASC (a) and SSC (b), respectively. Inset shows EDX analysis on the dark-contrast particles.
Fig. 3 (a) Load vs. displacement (P-h) curves for ASC and SSC under different maximum depths increased from 100?nm to 400?nm with an interval of 100?nm at loading rate of 1 nm?s-1. (b) Nanoindentation hardness and reduced Young’s modulus vs. displacement for ASC and SSC.
Material | ν | E (GPa) | Er (GPa) | H (GPa) | HV (GPa) | H/Er | H3/Er2 (GPa) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ASC | 0.32 | 224.9?±?3.5 | 205.6?±?3.5 | 13.2?±?0.2 | 11.3?±?0.2 | 0.06 | 0.05 |
SSC | 0.30 | 213.6?±?3.5 | 194.8?±?3.5 | 8.7?±?0.2 | 7.2?±?0.2 | 0.04 | 0.02 |
Table 1 Summary of the mechanical properties of HVAF-sprayed ASC and SSC after nanoindentation. The values of Poisson’s ratio (ν), Young’s modulus (E), reduced Young’s modulus (Er), nanoindentation hardness (H), Vickers microhardness (HV), ratio H/Er and H3/Er2 are given in the table.
Material | ν | E (GPa) | Er (GPa) | H (GPa) | HV (GPa) | H/Er | H3/Er2 (GPa) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ASC | 0.32 | 224.9?±?3.5 | 205.6?±?3.5 | 13.2?±?0.2 | 11.3?±?0.2 | 0.06 | 0.05 |
SSC | 0.30 | 213.6?±?3.5 | 194.8?±?3.5 | 8.7?±?0.2 | 7.2?±?0.2 | 0.04 | 0.02 |
Fig. 4 Variation of coefficients of friction (COFs) with sliding time for (a) ASC and (b) SSC sliding against Al2O3 balls under normal loads of 10-40?N, a slide stroke of 5?mm at a sliding speed of 0.01 mm?s-1 for 10,800?s. Inset in Fig. 4(a) shows the schematic illustration of Al2O3 ball sliding on coating surface.
Fig. 5 Confocal laser microscopy 3D profiles for the wear bars of ASC (a-d) and SSC (e-h) under various normal loads: (a) 10?N; (b) 20?N; (c) 30?N; (d) 40?N; (e) 10?N; (f) 20?N; (g) 30?N; (h) 40?N. Units of each coordinate axis are μm.
Fig. 6 Measured wear track profiles in the ASC (a) and SSC (b) (as indicated), with the corresponding confocal laser microscopy images (above). A load of 40?N, a slide stroke of 5?mm at a sliding speed of 10 mm?s-1 were applied for both coatings. Black double-ended arrows indicate the sliding directions.
Materials | Normal load, L (N) | COF, μ | Wear volume, Vm (10-3?mm3) | Wear rate, Q (10-5?mm3?N-1??m-1) |
---|---|---|---|---|
ASC | 10 | 0.78?±?0.01 | 2.7?±?1.5 | 0.7?±?0.1 |
20 | 0.76?±?0.01 | 12.8?±?1.8 | 1.7?±?0.1 | |
30 | 0.75?±?0.01 | 28.9?±?1.6 | 2.6?±?0.2 | |
40 | 0.69?±?0.01 | 47.5?±?1.5 | 3.3?±?0.2 | |
SSC | 10 | 0.51-0.81 | 23.3?±?1.6 | 6.4?±?0.2 |
20 | 0.51-0.81 | 48.8?±?1.9 | 6.7?±?0.2 | |
30 | 0.51-0.75 | 80.5?±?2.3 | 7.4?±?0.2 | |
40 | 0.51-0.74 | 120.9?±?2.7 | 7.7?±?0.3 |
Table 2 COF (μ), wear volume (Vm) and wear rate (Q) measured after sliding wear tests under different normal loads of 10, 20, 30 and 40?N.
Materials | Normal load, L (N) | COF, μ | Wear volume, Vm (10-3?mm3) | Wear rate, Q (10-5?mm3?N-1??m-1) |
---|---|---|---|---|
ASC | 10 | 0.78?±?0.01 | 2.7?±?1.5 | 0.7?±?0.1 |
20 | 0.76?±?0.01 | 12.8?±?1.8 | 1.7?±?0.1 | |
30 | 0.75?±?0.01 | 28.9?±?1.6 | 2.6?±?0.2 | |
40 | 0.69?±?0.01 | 47.5?±?1.5 | 3.3?±?0.2 | |
SSC | 10 | 0.51-0.81 | 23.3?±?1.6 | 6.4?±?0.2 |
20 | 0.51-0.81 | 48.8?±?1.9 | 6.7?±?0.2 | |
30 | 0.51-0.75 | 80.5?±?2.3 | 7.4?±?0.2 | |
40 | 0.51-0.74 | 120.9?±?2.7 | 7.7?±?0.3 |
Materials | Prepared methods | Hardness H (GPa) | Test details | COF, μ | Wear rate, Q (mm3?N-1?m-1) | Refs. | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Counter-face | Test geometry | Load (N) | Sliding speed (m?s-1) | ||||||
ASC | HVAF | 13.2?±?0.2 | Al2O3 ball(Φ 8.5?mm) | Ball-on-plate (reciprocating) | 10-40 | 0.01 | 0.69-0.78 | 0.7-3.3?×?10-5 | Present |
SSC | HVAF | 8.7?±?0.2 | Al2O3 ball(Φ 8.5?mm) | Ball-on-plate (reciprocating) | 10-40 | 0.01 | 0.51―0.81 | 6.4-7.7?×?10-5 | Present |
Fe49.7Cr18Mn1.9Mo7.4 W1.6B15.2C3.8Si2.4 coating | HVAF | 9.1 | 100Cr6 (Φ 12?mm) | Pin-on-disk | 5 | 0.4 | 0.75 | ― | [ |
Fe48Mo14Cr15Y2C15B6 coating | HVOF | 10.3 | Al2O3 ball (Φ 5.5?mm) | Ball-on-plate (reciprocating) | 16-32 | 0.02-0.1 | 0.3-0.4 | 3-19?×?10-5 | [ |
FeCrNiBC coating | HVAF | 11.5 | Al2O3 ball (Φ 6?mm) | Pin-on-disk (unidirection) | 5 | 0.2 | 0.70 | 1.5?×?10-5 | [ |
FeCrNiSiBC coating | HVOF | 16.5 | Al2O3 ball (Φ 6?mm) | Pin-on-disk (unidirection) | 5 | 0.2 | 0.70-0.72 | 1?×?10-5 | [ |
Fe60Cr8Nb8B24 coating | HVOF | 8.9 | Al2O3 ball (Φ 6.35?mm) | Pin-on-disk | 20 | 0.04, 0.3 | ― | 1.0?×?10-5 | [ |
Fe63Cr8Mo3.5Ni5P10 B4C4Si2.5 coating | HVOF | 9.7 | Al2O3 ball (Φ 9?mm) | Ball-on-plate (reciprocating) | 10-20 | 0.02-0.1 | 0.6-0.7 | 4-9?×?10-5 | [ |
Hard Cr coating | Electroplating | 8.4 | Al2O3 ball (Φ 3?mm) | Ball-on-disk (unidirection) | 5 | 0.1-0.2 | 0.75 | 50?×?10-5 | [ |
304 Stainless steel | ― | ― | Al2O3 ball (Φ 8?mm) | Ball-on-disk (unidirection) | 30 | 0.13 | 0.2-0.3 | 40?×?10-5 | [ |
Table 3 Summary of the tribological properties, such as COF (μ) and wear rate (Q).
Materials | Prepared methods | Hardness H (GPa) | Test details | COF, μ | Wear rate, Q (mm3?N-1?m-1) | Refs. | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Counter-face | Test geometry | Load (N) | Sliding speed (m?s-1) | ||||||
ASC | HVAF | 13.2?±?0.2 | Al2O3 ball(Φ 8.5?mm) | Ball-on-plate (reciprocating) | 10-40 | 0.01 | 0.69-0.78 | 0.7-3.3?×?10-5 | Present |
SSC | HVAF | 8.7?±?0.2 | Al2O3 ball(Φ 8.5?mm) | Ball-on-plate (reciprocating) | 10-40 | 0.01 | 0.51―0.81 | 6.4-7.7?×?10-5 | Present |
Fe49.7Cr18Mn1.9Mo7.4 W1.6B15.2C3.8Si2.4 coating | HVAF | 9.1 | 100Cr6 (Φ 12?mm) | Pin-on-disk | 5 | 0.4 | 0.75 | ― | [ |
Fe48Mo14Cr15Y2C15B6 coating | HVOF | 10.3 | Al2O3 ball (Φ 5.5?mm) | Ball-on-plate (reciprocating) | 16-32 | 0.02-0.1 | 0.3-0.4 | 3-19?×?10-5 | [ |
FeCrNiBC coating | HVAF | 11.5 | Al2O3 ball (Φ 6?mm) | Pin-on-disk (unidirection) | 5 | 0.2 | 0.70 | 1.5?×?10-5 | [ |
FeCrNiSiBC coating | HVOF | 16.5 | Al2O3 ball (Φ 6?mm) | Pin-on-disk (unidirection) | 5 | 0.2 | 0.70-0.72 | 1?×?10-5 | [ |
Fe60Cr8Nb8B24 coating | HVOF | 8.9 | Al2O3 ball (Φ 6.35?mm) | Pin-on-disk | 20 | 0.04, 0.3 | ― | 1.0?×?10-5 | [ |
Fe63Cr8Mo3.5Ni5P10 B4C4Si2.5 coating | HVOF | 9.7 | Al2O3 ball (Φ 9?mm) | Ball-on-plate (reciprocating) | 10-20 | 0.02-0.1 | 0.6-0.7 | 4-9?×?10-5 | [ |
Hard Cr coating | Electroplating | 8.4 | Al2O3 ball (Φ 3?mm) | Ball-on-disk (unidirection) | 5 | 0.1-0.2 | 0.75 | 50?×?10-5 | [ |
304 Stainless steel | ― | ― | Al2O3 ball (Φ 8?mm) | Ball-on-disk (unidirection) | 30 | 0.13 | 0.2-0.3 | 40?×?10-5 | [ |
Counterpart | L(N) | R(mm) | E*(GPa) | a(mm) | σmax(GPa) | τmax(GPa) | Z(μm) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Al2O3-ASC | 10 | 4.25 | 141.1 | 0.07 | 1.29 | 0.43 | 45 |
20 | 4.25 | 141.1 | 0.08 | 1.62 | 0.54 | 51 | |
30 | 4.25 | 141.1 | 0.09 | 1.86 | 0.62 | 57 | |
40 | 4.25 | 141.1 | 0.10 | 2.04 | 0.68 | 64 | |
Al2O3-SSC | 10 | 4.25 | 135.9 | 0.06 | 1.26 | 0.42 | 38 |
20 | 4.25 | 135.9 | 0.08 | 1.58 | 0.53 | 51 | |
30 | 4.25 | 135.9 | 0.09 | 1.81 | 0.60 | 57 | |
40 | 4.25 | 135.9 | 0.10 | 2.00 | 0.67 | 64 |
Table 4 The calculated contact mechanics parameters of current counterparts according to the Hertzian contact mechanics, including the contact radius a, maximum Hertzian contact pressure σmax, maximum sub-surface shear stress τmax and the corresponding depth Z.
Counterpart | L(N) | R(mm) | E*(GPa) | a(mm) | σmax(GPa) | τmax(GPa) | Z(μm) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Al2O3-ASC | 10 | 4.25 | 141.1 | 0.07 | 1.29 | 0.43 | 45 |
20 | 4.25 | 141.1 | 0.08 | 1.62 | 0.54 | 51 | |
30 | 4.25 | 141.1 | 0.09 | 1.86 | 0.62 | 57 | |
40 | 4.25 | 141.1 | 0.10 | 2.04 | 0.68 | 64 | |
Al2O3-SSC | 10 | 4.25 | 135.9 | 0.06 | 1.26 | 0.42 | 38 |
20 | 4.25 | 135.9 | 0.08 | 1.58 | 0.53 | 51 | |
30 | 4.25 | 135.9 | 0.09 | 1.81 | 0.60 | 57 | |
40 | 4.25 | 135.9 | 0.10 | 2.00 | 0.67 | 64 |
Models | Eqs. | Materials | 10?N | 20?N | 30?N | 40?N |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Archard | Eq. (6a) | ASC | 180 | 248 | 299 | 318 |
SSC | 123 | 174 | 204 | 228 | ||
Maupin | Eq. (6b) | ASC | 76 | 104 | 126 | 134 |
SSC | 52 | 73 | 86 | 96 | ||
Liu | Eq. (6c) | ASC | 29 | 38 | 46 | 55 |
SSC | 21 | 28 | 36 | 39 | ||
Ashby | Eq. (6d) | ASC | 30 | 32 | 33 | 34 |
SSC | 29 | 31 | 32 | 33 |
Table 5 Calculated flash temperatures Tf (°C) under different normal loads based on several models: Archard’s model [55], Maupin’s model [56], Liu’s model [57] and Ashby’s model [58].
Models | Eqs. | Materials | 10?N | 20?N | 30?N | 40?N |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Archard | Eq. (6a) | ASC | 180 | 248 | 299 | 318 |
SSC | 123 | 174 | 204 | 228 | ||
Maupin | Eq. (6b) | ASC | 76 | 104 | 126 | 134 |
SSC | 52 | 73 | 86 | 96 | ||
Liu | Eq. (6c) | ASC | 29 | 38 | 46 | 55 |
SSC | 21 | 28 | 36 | 39 | ||
Ashby | Eq. (6d) | ASC | 30 | 32 | 33 | 34 |
SSC | 29 | 31 | 32 | 33 |
Fig. 8 SEM images taken from worn surfaces of ASC under 10 and 40?N: (a) 10?N, (b) magnified image of blocked area in (a), (c) 40?N, and (d) magnified image of blocked area in (c). Black double-ended arrows indicate the sliding directions.
Fig. 9 SEM images taken from worn surfaces of SSC under 10 and 40?N: (a) 10?N, (b) magnified image of blocked area in (a), (c) 40?N, and (d) magnified image of blocked area in (c). Black double-ended arrows indicate the sliding directions.
Coating | Normal load (N) | Sections | Chemical composition (at.%) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fe | Cr | Mn | Mo | W | Ni | O | Al | |||
ASC | 10 | 1 | 56.89 | 23.35 | 1.86 | 6.94 | 1.88 | - | 9.08 | - |
10 | 2 | 39.68 | 16.59 | 0.64 | 5.76 | 1.35 | - | 30.73 | 5.25 | |
40 | 3 | 55.46 | 24.24 | 1.59 | 5.48 | 1.33 | - | 11.90 | - | |
40 | 4 | 28.33 | 12.43 | 0.63 | 3.91 | 0.93 | - | 47.98 | 5.79 | |
SSC | 10 | 5 | 46.68 | 28.95 | 1.24 | 1.84 | - | 15.27 | 6.02 | - |
10 | 6 | 34.76 | 25.14 | 1.15 | 1.58 | - | 12.11 | 21.84 | 3.42 | |
40 | 7 | 43.03 | 31.45 | 1.23 | 1.78 | - | 14.51 | 8.00 | - | |
40 | 8 | 35.60 | 21.70 | 1.55 | 1.13 | - | 10.05 | 26.42 | 3.55 |
Main chemical composition of the worn surfaces by EDX at different normal loads in Fig. 8, Fig. 9.
Coating | Normal load (N) | Sections | Chemical composition (at.%) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fe | Cr | Mn | Mo | W | Ni | O | Al | |||
ASC | 10 | 1 | 56.89 | 23.35 | 1.86 | 6.94 | 1.88 | - | 9.08 | - |
10 | 2 | 39.68 | 16.59 | 0.64 | 5.76 | 1.35 | - | 30.73 | 5.25 | |
40 | 3 | 55.46 | 24.24 | 1.59 | 5.48 | 1.33 | - | 11.90 | - | |
40 | 4 | 28.33 | 12.43 | 0.63 | 3.91 | 0.93 | - | 47.98 | 5.79 | |
SSC | 10 | 5 | 46.68 | 28.95 | 1.24 | 1.84 | - | 15.27 | 6.02 | - |
10 | 6 | 34.76 | 25.14 | 1.15 | 1.58 | - | 12.11 | 21.84 | 3.42 | |
40 | 7 | 43.03 | 31.45 | 1.23 | 1.78 | - | 14.51 | 8.00 | - | |
40 | 8 | 35.60 | 21.70 | 1.55 | 1.13 | - | 10.05 | 26.42 | 3.55 |
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