J. Mater. Sci. Technol. ›› 2019, Vol. 35 ›› Issue (11): 2693-2704.DOI: 10.1016/j.jmst.2019.07.010
• Orginal Article • Previous Articles Next Articles
Wang F.S.a*(), Zhang Y.a, Ma X.T.a, Wei Z.a, Gao J.F.b
Received:
2019-02-26
Revised:
2019-03-29
Accepted:
2019-04-22
Online:
2019-11-05
Published:
2019-10-21
Contact:
Wang F.S.
About author:
1The authors equally contributed to this work.
Wang F.S., Zhang Y., Ma X.T., Wei Z., Gao J.F.. Lightning ablation suppression of aircraft carbon/epoxy composite laminates by metal mesh[J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2019, 35(11): 2693-2704.
Lightning zone | Lightning waveform | Impulse current peak (kA) | Integral action (A2 s) | Current waveform number |
---|---|---|---|---|
IA | A | 88.4 | 2 × 106 | 10/350-1 |
IB | A + D | 93.7 | 2.25 × 106 | 10/350-2 |
IIB | D | 31.3 | 0.25 × 106 | 10/350-3 |
Table 1 Current waveform parameters at different lightning zones.
Lightning zone | Lightning waveform | Impulse current peak (kA) | Integral action (A2 s) | Current waveform number |
---|---|---|---|---|
IA | A | 88.4 | 2 × 106 | 10/350-1 |
IB | A + D | 93.7 | 2.25 × 106 | 10/350-2 |
IIB | D | 31.3 | 0.25 × 106 | 10/350-3 |
Temperature (℃) | Density (kg/mm3) | Specific heat (J/(kg °C)) | Longitudinal thermal conductivity (W/(mm °C)) | Transverse thermal conductivity (W/(mm °C)) | Longitudinal electrical conductivity (1/Ω mm) | Transverse electrical conductivity (1/Ω mm) | In-depth electrical conductivity (1/Ω mm) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
25 | 1.52E-6 | 1065 | 0.008 | 0.00067 | 35.97 | 0.001145 | 3.876E-006 |
343 | 1.52E-6 | 2100 | 0.002608 | 0.00018 | 35.97 | 0.001145 | 3.876E-006 |
500 | 1.1E-6 | 2100 | 0.001736 | 0.0001 | 35.97 | 2 | 2 |
510 | 1.1E-6 | 1700 | 0.001736 | 0.0001 | 35.97 | 2 | 2 |
1000 | 1.1E-6 | 1900 | 0.001736 | 0.0001 | 35.97 | 2 | 2 |
3316 | 1.1E-6 | 2509 | 0.001736 | 0.0001 | 35.97 | 2 | 2 |
﹥3316 | 1.1E-6 | 5875 | 0.001015 | 0.001015 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 1e+6 |
Table 2 Thermal and electrical material properties of carbon fiber/epoxy composite laminate.
Temperature (℃) | Density (kg/mm3) | Specific heat (J/(kg °C)) | Longitudinal thermal conductivity (W/(mm °C)) | Transverse thermal conductivity (W/(mm °C)) | Longitudinal electrical conductivity (1/Ω mm) | Transverse electrical conductivity (1/Ω mm) | In-depth electrical conductivity (1/Ω mm) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
25 | 1.52E-6 | 1065 | 0.008 | 0.00067 | 35.97 | 0.001145 | 3.876E-006 |
343 | 1.52E-6 | 2100 | 0.002608 | 0.00018 | 35.97 | 0.001145 | 3.876E-006 |
500 | 1.1E-6 | 2100 | 0.001736 | 0.0001 | 35.97 | 2 | 2 |
510 | 1.1E-6 | 1700 | 0.001736 | 0.0001 | 35.97 | 2 | 2 |
1000 | 1.1E-6 | 1900 | 0.001736 | 0.0001 | 35.97 | 2 | 2 |
3316 | 1.1E-6 | 2509 | 0.001736 | 0.0001 | 35.97 | 2 | 2 |
﹥3316 | 1.1E-6 | 5875 | 0.001015 | 0.001015 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 1e+6 |
Material type | Temperature (°C) | Density (kg/mm3) | Specific heat (J/(kg°C)) | Longitudinal thermal conductivity (W/(mm °C)) | Longitudinal electrical conductivity (1/(Ω mm)) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Copper | 25 | 8.95E-6 | 385 | 0.401 | 58140 |
500 | 1.1E-6 | 431 | 0.370 | 20120 | |
510 | 1.1E-6 | 431 | 0.339 | 4651 | |
1000 | 1.1E-6 | 490.952 | 0.150 | 3704 | |
1700 | 1.1E-6 | 490.952 | 0.180 | 2404 | |
2600 | 1.1E-6 | 490.952 | 0.180 | 2227 | |
3227 | 1.1E-6 | 490.952 | 0.180 | 1500 | |
7000 | 1.1E-6 | 490.952 | 0.180 | 1400 | |
7200 | 1.1E-6 | 490.952 | 0.180 | 1400 | |
8000 | 1.1E-6 | 550 | 0.180 | 1400 | |
Aluminum | 25 | 2.7E-6 | 940 | 0.270 | 36900 |
311 | 2.7E-6 | 1013 | 0.274 | 37100 | |
526 | 2.7E-6 | 1013 | 0.231 | 17700 | |
1351 | 2.7E-6 | 1013 | 0.107 | 3620 | |
2727 | 2.256E-6 | 1082 | 0.148 | 1990 | |
3576 | 2.157E-6 | 1082 | 0.151 | 1830 | |
5538 | 1.893E-6 | 1082 | 0.163 | 1170 | |
6292 | 1.836E-6 | 1138 | 0.168 | 1060 | |
7974 | 1.4E-6 | 1138 | 0.0044 | 25.2 |
Table 3 Thermal and electrical properties of copper and aluminum materials.
Material type | Temperature (°C) | Density (kg/mm3) | Specific heat (J/(kg°C)) | Longitudinal thermal conductivity (W/(mm °C)) | Longitudinal electrical conductivity (1/(Ω mm)) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Copper | 25 | 8.95E-6 | 385 | 0.401 | 58140 |
500 | 1.1E-6 | 431 | 0.370 | 20120 | |
510 | 1.1E-6 | 431 | 0.339 | 4651 | |
1000 | 1.1E-6 | 490.952 | 0.150 | 3704 | |
1700 | 1.1E-6 | 490.952 | 0.180 | 2404 | |
2600 | 1.1E-6 | 490.952 | 0.180 | 2227 | |
3227 | 1.1E-6 | 490.952 | 0.180 | 1500 | |
7000 | 1.1E-6 | 490.952 | 0.180 | 1400 | |
7200 | 1.1E-6 | 490.952 | 0.180 | 1400 | |
8000 | 1.1E-6 | 550 | 0.180 | 1400 | |
Aluminum | 25 | 2.7E-6 | 940 | 0.270 | 36900 |
311 | 2.7E-6 | 1013 | 0.274 | 37100 | |
526 | 2.7E-6 | 1013 | 0.231 | 17700 | |
1351 | 2.7E-6 | 1013 | 0.107 | 3620 | |
2727 | 2.256E-6 | 1082 | 0.148 | 1990 | |
3576 | 2.157E-6 | 1082 | 0.151 | 1830 | |
5538 | 1.893E-6 | 1082 | 0.163 | 1170 | |
6292 | 1.836E-6 | 1138 | 0.168 | 1060 | |
7974 | 1.4E-6 | 1138 | 0.0044 | 25.2 |
Fig. 8. Temperature distribution of composite laminates without metal mesh protection obtained by numerical simulation and experimental results under different current peaks.
Material type | Damage size | FE mesh number | Fluctuation amplitude | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
50 | 49 | 48 | 45 | 40 | |||
Copper mesh | The damaged area (mm2) | 148 | 149 | 150 | 153 | 155 | 4.7% |
The maximum damage depth (mm) | 0.0413 | 0.0413 | 0.0414 | 0.0419 | 0.042 | 1.7% | |
Aluminum mesh | The damaged area (mm2) | 242 | 243 | 244 | 248 | 252 | 4.1% |
The maximum damage depth (mm) | 0.0571 | 0.0571 | 0.0572 | 0.0576 | 0.058 | 1.6% |
Table 4 Relationship of FE mesh number and ablation damage size.
Material type | Damage size | FE mesh number | Fluctuation amplitude | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
50 | 49 | 48 | 45 | 40 | |||
Copper mesh | The damaged area (mm2) | 148 | 149 | 150 | 153 | 155 | 4.7% |
The maximum damage depth (mm) | 0.0413 | 0.0413 | 0.0414 | 0.0419 | 0.042 | 1.7% | |
Aluminum mesh | The damaged area (mm2) | 242 | 243 | 244 | 248 | 252 | 4.1% |
The maximum damage depth (mm) | 0.0571 | 0.0571 | 0.0572 | 0.0576 | 0.058 | 1.6% |
Fig. 15. Relationship of the maximum damage depth and current peak for composite laminate, composite laminates with copper mesh and aluminum mesh protection.
Fig. 19. Relationship of weight increase and ablation area of composite laminates with copper mesh and aluminum mesh under the same lightning current and different mesh spacing.
Fig. 20. Relationship of weight increase and the maximum damaged depth of composite laminates with copper mesh and aluminum mesh under the same lightning current and different mesh spacing.
Mesh type | Current peak (kA) | The damaged area (mm2) | The maximum damaged depth (mm) | Weight increase (g) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Copper mesh | 31.3 | 128 | 0.05 | 21.40 |
88.4 | 976 | 0.13 | ||
93.7 | 1008 | 0.14 | ||
Aluminum mesh | 31.3 | 242 | 0.06 | 6.45 |
88.4 | 1680 | 0.15 | ||
93.7 | 1728 | 0.16 | ||
Errors | 31.3 | 47.1% | 16.7% | 231% |
88.4 | 41.9% | 13.3% | ||
93.7 | 41.7% | 12.5% |
Table 5 Damage quantities of composite laminates with metal mesh protection under different current peaks when mesh spacing is 3.2 mm.
Mesh type | Current peak (kA) | The damaged area (mm2) | The maximum damaged depth (mm) | Weight increase (g) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Copper mesh | 31.3 | 128 | 0.05 | 21.40 |
88.4 | 976 | 0.13 | ||
93.7 | 1008 | 0.14 | ||
Aluminum mesh | 31.3 | 242 | 0.06 | 6.45 |
88.4 | 1680 | 0.15 | ||
93.7 | 1728 | 0.16 | ||
Errors | 31.3 | 47.1% | 16.7% | 231% |
88.4 | 41.9% | 13.3% | ||
93.7 | 41.7% | 12.5% |
Fig. 21. Relationship of weight increase and ablation area of composite laminates with copper mesh and aluminum mesh under the varied spacing and different current peaks.
Fig. 22. Relationship of weight increase and the maximum damaged depth of composite laminates with copper mesh and aluminum mesh under the varied spacing and different current peaks.
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