J. Mater. Sci. Technol. ›› 2019, Vol. 35 ›› Issue (11): 2470-2476.DOI: 10.1016/j.jmst.2019.07.023
• Orginal Article • Previous Articles Next Articles
Chun Li, Xiaoqing Si, Jian Cao*(), Junlei Qi(), Zhibo Dong, Jicai Feng
Received:
2018-10-15
Revised:
2019-02-24
Accepted:
2019-03-14
Online:
2019-11-05
Published:
2019-10-21
Contact:
Cao Jian
Chun Li, Xiaoqing Si, Jian Cao, Junlei Qi, Zhibo Dong, Jicai Feng. Residual stress distribution as a function of depth in graphite/copper brazing joints via X-ray diffraction[J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2019, 35(11): 2470-2476.
Fig. 1. a) Schematic of the geometry of the residual stress measurement, the parallelised X-ray fully penetrate through the graphite and the diffraction pattern is recorded by the detector, b) schematic of the shear testing of the joint, where the load is applied on the copper substrate.
Fig. 2. a) An example of peak fitting, which shows the peak is well fitted using the Psdvoigt model, b) linear fitting between $\frac{d-d_0}{d_0}$ and sin2ψ showing a good linear fit between the two; c) residual stress as a function of depth in graphite/ copper brazing joint, which is generally compressive, increasing from the surface to the interface; the error bar is from the linear fitting from Fig. 2b); the black bar is the residual stress of the joint without any interlayers, the red bar shows the residual stress of the joint with the copper interlayer and the green bar represents the residual stress of the joint with Nb interlayer.
Fig. 3. Microstructure of the joints achieved without any interlayers, with a copper interlayer and with a niobium interlayer. a) The microstructure of the graphite/copper brazing joint without any interlayer, showing that the bonding between graphite and copper is successfully achieved using AgCuTi brazing filler; b) detailed microstructure of the interface between graphite and the brazing filler, showing a reaction layer formed adjacent to the graphite substrate, c) microstructure of the graphite/copper brazing joint with copper interlayer showing the copper interlayer has been dissolved by the brazing filler and the inserted figure demonstrates the detailed microstructure of the interface between graphite and the brazing filler, showing a reaction layer formed adjacent to the graphite substrate, d) microstructure of the graphite/copper brazing joint with Niobium interlayer, e) detailed microstructure of the brazing seam between graphite and the Niobium interlayer, from which a continuous layer adjacent to the Niobium interlayer can be found, f) detailed microstructure of the brazing seam between the Niobium interlayer and the copper substrate.
Position | Ti | C | Ag | Cu | Nb | Possible phase |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A | 40.07 | 41.41 | 7.57 | 10.94 | NA | TiC |
B | NA | NA | 73.28 | 26.72 | NA | Ag (s,s) |
C | 3.13 | NA | 3.18 | 93.69 | NA | Cu(s,s) |
D | 34.07 | NA | 21.39 | 32.69 | 11.85 | TiCu |
E | 10.69 | NA | 0.62 | 40.59 | 48.10 | Nb(s,s)+Cu(s,s) |
F | 45.80 | NA | 22.69 | 22.94 | 8.57 | Ti2Cu |
Table 1 EDS analysis results of the various phases in the joints (at.%).
Position | Ti | C | Ag | Cu | Nb | Possible phase |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A | 40.07 | 41.41 | 7.57 | 10.94 | NA | TiC |
B | NA | NA | 73.28 | 26.72 | NA | Ag (s,s) |
C | 3.13 | NA | 3.18 | 93.69 | NA | Cu(s,s) |
D | 34.07 | NA | 21.39 | 32.69 | 11.85 | TiCu |
E | 10.69 | NA | 0.62 | 40.59 | 48.10 | Nb(s,s)+Cu(s,s) |
F | 45.80 | NA | 22.69 | 22.94 | 8.57 | Ti2Cu |
Fig. 4. a) Shear strength of the joints showing that the residual stress in the joint with a Niobium interlayer is smaller than that of the joint with a copper interlayer, which is also smaller than the residual stress in the joint without any interlayer, b) fracture morphology of the joint without any interlayer, c) fracture morphology of the joint with a copper interlayer, d) fracture morphology of the joint with a Niobium interlayer, e) refinement result of the XRD pattern achieved on the fracture surface without any interlayer, f) refinement result of the XRD pattern achieved on the fracture surface with copper interlayer, g) refinement result of the XRD pattern achieved on the fracture surface with a niobium interlayer. The blue, black and the green lines are the original XRD pattern, the red line is the refined pattern and the grey line is the difference between the original pattern and the refined model, the small lines below show the refined Bragg peak positions.
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