J. Mater. Sci. Technol. ›› 2017, Vol. 33 ›› Issue (9): 991-1003.DOI: 10.1016/j.jmst.2017.02.001
• Orginal Article • Previous Articles Next Articles
Yi Gaosonga*(), Zeng Weizhia, D. Poplawsky Jonathanb, A. Cullen Davidc, Wang Zhifend, L. Free Michaela
Received:
2016-12-01
Revised:
2017-01-24
Accepted:
2017-01-25
Online:
2017-09-20
Published:
2017-10-16
Contact:
Yi Gaosong
About author:
1 The authors contributed equally to this work.
Yi Gaosong, Zeng Weizhi, D. Poplawsky Jonathan, A. Cullen David, Wang Zhifen, L. Free Michael. Characterizing and modeling the precipitation of Mg-rich phases in Al 5xxx alloys aged at low temperatures[J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2017, 33(9): 991-1003.
Al | Mg | Mn | Fe | Cr | Si |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bal. | 5.25 | 0.34 | 0.37 | 0.03 | 0.04 |
Table 1 Composition (at.%) of Al 5083 alloys.
Al | Mg | Mn | Fe | Cr | Si |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bal. | 5.25 | 0.34 | 0.37 | 0.03 | 0.04 |
Fig. 1. STEM dark field images of Al 5083 H131 aged at 70℃ for (a) 1.5 months, (c) 9 months, (e) 18 months, and (g) 30 months, and the corresponding EDS maps (including Mg, Al, Si, Cr, Mn, and Fe) for the (b) 1.5 months, (d) 9 months, (f) 18 months, and (h) 30 months samples. The arrow (blue) in (a) indicates an Al6(Mn-Cr-Fe) type pre-existing particle, the arrows (yellow) in (b) show a lamella Mg2Si type precipitate, and the circle in (b) highlights a Mg-rich (21.4 at.%) precipitate.
Al 5083 | 1.5 month | 3 month | 9 month | 18 month | 24 month | 30 month | 41 month | Aspect ratio |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
H131 (70℃) | 6.4 ± 2.6 | 16.6 ± 5.5 | 21.1 ± 6.2 | 25.2 ± 8.3 | 0.3 | |||
H116 (70℃) | 6.8 ± 3.1 | 10.1 ± 4.8 | 11.8 ± 4.1 | 18.6 ± 5.2 | 0.5 | |||
H116 (50℃) | 8.2 ± 1.8 | 13.5 ± 3.7 | 0.5 |
Table 2 Size (nm) and aspect ratio of Mg-rich precipitates formed in Al 5083 H131 and H116 alloys aged at different temperatures for different times as measured using STEM.
Al 5083 | 1.5 month | 3 month | 9 month | 18 month | 24 month | 30 month | 41 month | Aspect ratio |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
H131 (70℃) | 6.4 ± 2.6 | 16.6 ± 5.5 | 21.1 ± 6.2 | 25.2 ± 8.3 | 0.3 | |||
H116 (70℃) | 6.8 ± 3.1 | 10.1 ± 4.8 | 11.8 ± 4.1 | 18.6 ± 5.2 | 0.5 | |||
H116 (50℃) | 8.2 ± 1.8 | 13.5 ± 3.7 | 0.5 |
Fig. 2. STEM bright field images of Al 5083 H116 aged at 70℃ for (a) 3 months, (c) 9 months, and STEM dark field images of Al 5083 H116 aged at 70℃ for (e) 18 months and (g) 30 months, and the corresponding EDS maps (including Mg, Al, Si, Cr, Mn, and Fe) for the (b) 3 months, (d) 9 months, (f) 18 months, and (h) 30 months samples. The arrow in (a) indicates the position of a grain boundary, the dash ellipses in (a) and (b) show a Mg and Si rich precipitate, and the yellow arrows in (b) reveal Mg-rich precipitates formed on pre-existing particles. The EDS maps in (d) corresponds to the area in the dash frame of (c).The arrows in (c) and (d) indicate two (Mn,Fe,Cr,Si)-rich pre-existing particles. The ellipses in (c) and (d) shows a Mg-rich precipitate.
Fig. 3. STEM bright field images of Al 5083 H116 aged at 50℃ for (a) 9 months, (c) 24 months, and (e) 41 months, and the corresponding EDS maps for the (b) 9 months, (d) 24 months, and (f) 41 months samples. The arrows in (a) and (b) display a Si and Mg rich precipitate, and the dashed ellipses in (c) and (d) reveals Mg-rich precipitates formed on pre-existing particles.
Fig. 4. APT atom maps for Al 5083 H116 aged at 50℃ for 24 months. (a) A magnified region of the APT needle with a 5 at.% Mnisosurface (yellow) defining the matrix/precipitate interface and 10 at.% Mg isosurfaces (purple) showing Mg rich precipitates within the matrix and at the matrix/precipitate interface. Al and Fe atoms are also displayed. The blue arrow indicates the region of the 1D line profile shown in (c). (b) APT line scan results of Mg-rich precipitates formed in the matrix (identified by an arrow in the inserted image of (b)). The inserted image of (b) corresponds to the precipitates within the dash frame in (a) with a 90° rotation. (c) Line scan results of Mg-rich precipitates formed on the matrix-pre-existing particle interface (highlighted by an “x” in the inserted image).
Parameters | unit | value | Reference source |
---|---|---|---|
N | m-3 | 6.02 × 1028 | [ |
k | J K-1 | 1.38 × 10-23 | |
T | °C | 50 & 70 | |
vat,GPzone | m3 | 1.65 × 10-29 | [ |
vat,β′′ | m3 | 1.70 × 10-29 | [ |
vat,β′ | m3 | 1.93 × 10-29 | [ |
vat,β | m3 | 1.93 × 10-29 | [ |
a0 | m | 4.04 × 10-10 | [ |
M | m2 s-1 | 5.7 × 10-5exp(-112499/RCT) | [ |
γGPzone | J m-2 | 0.09 | |
γβ″ | J m-2 | 0.15 | |
γβ’ | J m-2 | 0.25 | |
γβ | J m-2 | 0.6 | |
X0,m | at.% | 5.25 |
Table 3 Parameters used in the model.
Parameters | unit | value | Reference source |
---|---|---|---|
N | m-3 | 6.02 × 1028 | [ |
k | J K-1 | 1.38 × 10-23 | |
T | °C | 50 & 70 | |
vat,GPzone | m3 | 1.65 × 10-29 | [ |
vat,β′′ | m3 | 1.70 × 10-29 | [ |
vat,β′ | m3 | 1.93 × 10-29 | [ |
vat,β | m3 | 1.93 × 10-29 | [ |
a0 | m | 4.04 × 10-10 | [ |
M | m2 s-1 | 5.7 × 10-5exp(-112499/RCT) | [ |
γGPzone | J m-2 | 0.09 | |
γβ″ | J m-2 | 0.15 | |
γβ’ | J m-2 | 0.25 | |
γβ | J m-2 | 0.6 | |
X0,m | at.% | 5.25 |
Fig. 5. Evolution of the number density (N), average radius ($\overline R$), volume fraction (fv), and average Mg concentration ($\overline X$m) in the matrix as a function of aging time for (a) Al 5083 H131 (70℃) and H116 ((b) 70 and (c) 50℃) alloys and the corresponding STEM, SANS[49], and APT experimental results. The solid lines in the average radius ($\overline R$) stand for the modeling results, and the relationship between the type of precipitates and the color of solid lines can be found in the number density (N) images.
Fig. 6. Experimental (SANS results [49]) and modeling results of particle size distribution of precipitates (GP zone, β″, β′, and β phase) formed in (a) Al 5083 H131 aged at 70℃ and Al 5083 H116 aged at (b) 70℃ and (c) 50℃. The overall particle size distribution obtained from SANS and the LSW distribution results of GP zones are also added for comparison.
Fig. 7. Comparison of scattering length difference (Δη) for Mg-rich precipitates formed in Al 5083 H131 and H116 aged at 50℃ and 70℃ obtained from SANS fitting and calculation of modeling results.
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