Biofilm inhibition and corrosion resistance of 2205-Cu duplex stainless steel against acid producing bacterium Acetobacter aceti

doi:10.1016/j.jmst.2019.05.048

Abstract

Abstract:

Acid producing bacterium Acetobacter aceti causes pitting corrosion of stainless steel (SS). This work investigated the enhanced resistance of 2205-Cu duplex stainless steel (DSS) against biocorrosion by A. aceti in comparison with 2205 DSS using electrochemical and surface analysis techniques. With the addition of Cu to 2205 DSS, biofilms on the 2205-Cu DSS surface were inhibited effectively. The largest pit depth on 2205-Cu DSS surface in the presence of A. aceti was 2.6 μm, smaller than 5.5 μm for 2205 DSS surface. The i_corr was 0.42 ± 0.03 μA cm^-2 for 2205-Cu DSS in the biotic medium, which was much lower than that for 2205 DSS (3.69 ± 0.65 μA cm^-2). All the results indicated that the A. aceti biofilm was considerably inhibited by the release of Cu²⁺ ions from the 2205-Cu DSS matrix, resulting in the mitigation of biocorrosion by A. aceti.

Key words: Duplex stainless steel, Acid producing bacteria, Microbiologically influenced corrosion, Pitting corrosion

Dan Liu, Ru Jia, Dake Xu, Hongying Yang, Ying Zhao, M. saleem Khan, Songtao Huang, Jiankang Wen, Ke Yang, Tingyue Gu. Biofilm inhibition and corrosion resistance of 2205-Cu duplex stainless steel against acid producing bacterium Acetobacter aceti[J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2019, 35(11): 2494-2502.

Figures/Tables 20

Table 1 Elemental compositions of 2205 DSS and 2205-Cu DSS (wt%).

Sample	Si	Mn	P	S	Ni	Cr	Mo	Cu	N	Fe
2205-Cu DSS	0.04	0.01	0.006	0.0034	6.03	23.63	2.90	3.02	0.23	Bal.
2205 DSS	0.51	1.14	0.03	<0.001	5.89	23.22	3.10	-	0.17	Bal.

Fig. 1. CLSM images of A. aceti bio?lm on the surface of (a) 2205 DSS after 7 days, (b) 2205-Cu DSS after 7 days, (c) 2205 DSS after 14 days, and (d) 2205-Cu DSS after 14 days.

Fig. 2. Live and dead sessile cell counts on the surface of 2205 DSS and 2205-Cu DSS after 7 and 14 days.

Fig. 3. SEM images of A. aceti bio?lms on the surfaces of (a) 2205 DSS after 7 days, (b) 2205-Cu DSS after 7 days, (c) 2205 DSS after 14 days, and (d) 2205-Cu DSS after 14 days.

Fig. 4. Largest pit depth measured using CLSM on 2205 DSS (a) and 2205-Cu DSS (b) coupon surfaces after 14 days in A. aceti broth.

Fig. 5. Variations of EOCP with incubation time for 2205 DSS and 2205-Cu DSS coupons in the sterile medium and in the A. aceti broth.

Fig. 6. The polarization curves at the end of the 14th day of incubation for 2205 DSS and 2205-Cu DSS in the sterile medium and in the A. aceti broth.

Table 2 The electrochemical corrosion parameters determined from the polarization curves of 2205 DSS and 2205-Cu DSS coupons after 14 days of incubation.

Sample	E_corr (mV vs. SCE)	i_corr (μA cm^-2)	E_pit (mV vs. SCE)
2205 DSS in the sterile medium	-170 ± 51	0.14 ± 0.01	1323 ± 11
2205 DSS in the presence of A. aceti	-682 ± 18	3.69 ± 0.65	1268 ± 9
2205-Cu DSS in the sterile medium	-216 ± 31	0.07 ± 0.03	1322 ± 11
2205-Cu DSS in the presence of A. aceti	-658 ± 10	0.42 ± 0.03	1294 ± 57

Fig. 7. Variations of 1/Rp with exposure time for 2205 DSS and 2205-Cu DSS coupons in the sterile medium and in the A. aceti broth.

Fig. 8. Bode and Nyquist plots of 2205 DSS and 2205-Cu DSS: (a, a’) 2205 DSS in the A. aceti broth (b, b’) 2205-Cu DSS in the A. aceti broth (c, c’) 2205 DSS in the sterile medium, (d, d’) 2205-Cu DSS in the sterile medium.

Fig. 9. Physical models and the corresponding equivalent circuits used for fitting the EIS data of 2205 DSS and 2205-Cu DSS coupons: (a) in the sterile medium and (b) in the A. aceti broth.

Table 3 EIS parameters of 2205 DSS and 2205-Cu DSS in sterile medium and A. aceti broth.

Duration (d)	R_S (Ω cm²)	C_b (μF cm^-2)	R_f (kΩ cm²)	C_dl (μF cm^-2)	R_ct (kΩ cm²)	∑χ (×10^-3)
2205-Cu DSS in the presence of A. aceti
1	313 ± 152	24.9 ± 0.8	11.7 ± 2.1	13.3 ± 2.1	829 ± 312	5.33
5	203 ± 45	22.4 ± 2.4	7.5 ± 1.6	13.7 ± 2.0	825 ± 459	7.07
10	180 ± 20	24.3 ± 2.3	7.0 ± 1.0	15.3 ± 0.7	889 ± 271	7.61
14	140 ± 21	22.7 ± 0.6	6.1 ± 2.2	15.0 ± 0.1	1017 ± 88	1.07
2205 DSS in the presence of A. aceti
1	144 ± 31	32.8 ± 7.0	4.8 ± 0.3	20.7 ± 4.1	827 ± 279	7.26
5	111 ± 3	26.8 ± 0.8	3.6 ± 0.1	19.4 ± 0.3	691 ± 70	1.20
10	115 ± 4	24.5 ± 0.9	3.9 ± 0.2	18.5 ± 0.1	460 ± 226	1.12
14	99 ± 10	23.9 ± 0.6	3.1 ± 0.3	20.1 ± 0.4	246 ± 204	1.39
2205-Cu DSS in the sterile medium
1	383 ± 108	-	-	52.4 ± 20.4	405 ± 375	1.87
5	297 ± 79	-	-	17.1 ± 8.8	960 ± 184	3.26
10	216 ± 89	-	-	18.2 ± 9.8	899 ± 326	3.33
14	232 ± 76	-	-	19.8 ± 8.1	1103 ± 434	3.59
2205 DSS in the sterile medium
1	243 ± 28	-	-	33.8 ± 2.7	545 ± 21	3.08
5	180 ± 14	-	-	27.8 ± 1.4	1021 ± 126	3.07
10	184 ± 22	-	-	26.0 ± 1.4	1187 ± 47	2.99
14	163 ± 4	-	-	26.1 ± 0.2	1180 ± 28	3.08

Fig. 10. Variations of Rct measured from the EIS data for 2205 DSS and 2205-Cu DSS with and without A. aceti.

Table 4 Inhibition efficiency of 2205-Cu DSS against A. aceti.

Day	1	5	10	14
η_R (%)	0.3	16	48	76

Fig. 11. Survey spectra of XPS analysis for 2205 DSS and 2205-Cu DSS after 14-day incubation in A. aceti broth.

Table 5 Relative atomic concentrations of the main elements on the surfaces of 2205 DSS and 2205-Cu DSS in the A. aceti broth after 14 days of incubation.

Sample	Atomic concentration (%)
Sample	C	N	O	Cl	Fe	Cr	Cu
2205 DSS	35.4	4.1	15.8	23.8	13.2	7.8	-
2205-Cu DSS	77.6	7.4	6.7	8.2	0	0	0.1

Fig. 12. XPS spectra of Cu 2p for 2205-Cu DSS coupons after 14-day incubation in A. aceti broth.

Fig. 13. The release of Cu2+ from 2205-Cu DSS in the A. aceti broth vs. exposure time.

Fig. 14. Variations of pH for 2205 DSS and 2205-Cu DSS in sterile medium and A. aceti broth.

Fig. 15. Schematic illustration of MIC resistance mechanism for 2205-Cu DSS.

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