J. Mater. Sci. Technol. ›› 2019, Vol. 35 ›› Issue (6): 1008-1016.DOI: 10.1016/j.jmst.2018.12.013
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Beibei Jianga, Donghui Wena, Qing Wanga*(), Jinda Chea, Chuang Donga, Peter K. Liawb, Fen Xuc, Lixian Sunc
Received:
2018-08-01
Revised:
2018-12-04
Accepted:
2018-12-07
Online:
2019-06-20
Published:
2019-06-19
Contact:
Wang Qing
About author:
1The authors contributed equally to this work.
Beibei Jiang, Donghui Wen, Qing Wang, Jinda Che, Chuang Dong, Peter K. Liaw, Fen Xu, Lixian Sun. Design of near-α Ti alloys via a cluster formula approach and their high-temperature oxidation resistance[J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2019, 35(6): 1008-1016.
Alloys | Composition | Cluster formula | Z | Moeqa | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
wt% | at.% | ||||
Ti1100 | Ti-6Al-2.75Sn-4Zr-0.4Mo-0.45Si | Ti85.36Al10.52Sn1.10 Zr2.07Mo0.2Si0.76 | [Al-(Ti11.67Zr0.33)] (Ti2Al0.68Sn0.18Mo0.03Si0.12) | 16.01 | -5.00 |
IMI834 | Ti-5.8Al-4Sn-3.5Zr-0.7Nb-0.5Mo-0.35Si | Ti85.07Al10.28Sn1.61 Zr1.83Mo0.25Nb0.36Si0.6 | [Al-(Ti11.66Zr0.3)] (Ti2Al0.66Sn0.26Mo0.04Nb0.06Si0.1) | 16.11 | -4.46 |
BT36 | Ti-6.2Al-2Sn-3.6Zr -0.7Mo-0.15Si-5W | Ti84.07Al11.23Sn0.82 Zr1.93Mo0.36Si0.26W1.33 | [Al-(Ti11.69Zr0.31)] (Ti2Al0.83Sn0.13Mo0.06Si0.04W0.22) | 16.28 | -3.30 |
Ti600 | Ti-6Al-2.8Sn-4Zr -0.5Mo-0.4Si-0.1Y | Ti85.30Al10.53Sn1.12 Zr2.08Mo0.25Si0.67Y0.05 | [Al-(Ti11.67Zr0.33)] (Ti2Al0.69Sn0.18Mo0.04Si0.11Y0.01) | 16.02 | -4.31 |
Table 1 Compositions and the cluster formulas of typical high-temperature near-α Ti alloys, in which the total atom number Z in the cluster formula and the Mo equivalent Moeq are also listed.
Alloys | Composition | Cluster formula | Z | Moeqa | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
wt% | at.% | ||||
Ti1100 | Ti-6Al-2.75Sn-4Zr-0.4Mo-0.45Si | Ti85.36Al10.52Sn1.10 Zr2.07Mo0.2Si0.76 | [Al-(Ti11.67Zr0.33)] (Ti2Al0.68Sn0.18Mo0.03Si0.12) | 16.01 | -5.00 |
IMI834 | Ti-5.8Al-4Sn-3.5Zr-0.7Nb-0.5Mo-0.35Si | Ti85.07Al10.28Sn1.61 Zr1.83Mo0.25Nb0.36Si0.6 | [Al-(Ti11.66Zr0.3)] (Ti2Al0.66Sn0.26Mo0.04Nb0.06Si0.1) | 16.11 | -4.46 |
BT36 | Ti-6.2Al-2Sn-3.6Zr -0.7Mo-0.15Si-5W | Ti84.07Al11.23Sn0.82 Zr1.93Mo0.36Si0.26W1.33 | [Al-(Ti11.69Zr0.31)] (Ti2Al0.83Sn0.13Mo0.06Si0.04W0.22) | 16.28 | -3.30 |
Ti600 | Ti-6Al-2.8Sn-4Zr -0.5Mo-0.4Si-0.1Y | Ti85.30Al10.53Sn1.12 Zr2.08Mo0.25Si0.67Y0.05 | [Al-(Ti11.67Zr0.33)] (Ti2Al0.69Sn0.18Mo0.04Si0.11Y0.01) | 16.02 | -4.31 |
No. | Alloys | Cluster formula (at.%) | Composition (wt%) | Microstructure | Moeq |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 1- Ti1100 | [Al-(Ti11.67Zr0.33)] (Ti2Al0.68Sn0.18Mo0.03Si0.12) | Ti-6Al-2.7Sn-4Zr-0.4Mo-0.45Si | lamellar | -5.00 |
2 | 2- Mo | [Al-(Ti11.7Zr0.3)] (Ti2Al0.69Sn0.18Mo0.03Si0.1) | Ti-6.03Al-2.83Sn-3.62Zr-0.38Mo-0.37Si | lamellar | -5.40 |
3 | 3- Ta | [Al-(Ti11.7Zr0.3)] (Ti2Al0.69Sn0.18Ta0.03Si0.1) | Ti-6.01Al-2.82Sn-3.61Zr-0.72Ta-0.37Si | bimodal | -5.58 |
4 | 4- Nb | [Al-(Ti11.7Zr0.3)] (Ti2Al0.69Sn0.18 Nb0.03Si0.1) | Ti-6.03Al-2.83Sn-3.62Zr-0.37Nb-0.37Si | bimodal | -5.66 |
5 | 5- TaNb | [Al-(Ti11.7Zr0.3)] (Ti2Al0.69Sn0.18Ta0.015Nb0.015Si0.1) | Ti-6.02Al-2.82Sn-3.61Zr-0.18Nb-0.36Ta-0.37Si | lamellar | -5.62 |
6 | 6- MoTaNb | [Al-(Ti11.7Zr0.3)] (Ti2Al0.69Sn0.18Mo0.01Ta0.01Nb0.01Si0.1) | Ti-6.03Al-2.82Sn-3.62Zr-0.13Mo-0.12Nb-0.24Ta-0.37Si | lamellar | -5.55 |
Table 2 Cluster formula, composition, microstructure, as well as Mo equivalent Moeq of the reference Ti1100 and the new-designed alloys.
No. | Alloys | Cluster formula (at.%) | Composition (wt%) | Microstructure | Moeq |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 1- Ti1100 | [Al-(Ti11.67Zr0.33)] (Ti2Al0.68Sn0.18Mo0.03Si0.12) | Ti-6Al-2.7Sn-4Zr-0.4Mo-0.45Si | lamellar | -5.00 |
2 | 2- Mo | [Al-(Ti11.7Zr0.3)] (Ti2Al0.69Sn0.18Mo0.03Si0.1) | Ti-6.03Al-2.83Sn-3.62Zr-0.38Mo-0.37Si | lamellar | -5.40 |
3 | 3- Ta | [Al-(Ti11.7Zr0.3)] (Ti2Al0.69Sn0.18Ta0.03Si0.1) | Ti-6.01Al-2.82Sn-3.61Zr-0.72Ta-0.37Si | bimodal | -5.58 |
4 | 4- Nb | [Al-(Ti11.7Zr0.3)] (Ti2Al0.69Sn0.18 Nb0.03Si0.1) | Ti-6.03Al-2.83Sn-3.62Zr-0.37Nb-0.37Si | bimodal | -5.66 |
5 | 5- TaNb | [Al-(Ti11.7Zr0.3)] (Ti2Al0.69Sn0.18Ta0.015Nb0.015Si0.1) | Ti-6.02Al-2.82Sn-3.61Zr-0.18Nb-0.36Ta-0.37Si | lamellar | -5.62 |
6 | 6- MoTaNb | [Al-(Ti11.7Zr0.3)] (Ti2Al0.69Sn0.18Mo0.01Ta0.01Nb0.01Si0.1) | Ti-6.03Al-2.82Sn-3.62Zr-0.13Mo-0.12Nb-0.24Ta-0.37Si | lamellar | -5.55 |
Fig. 2. SEM back-scattering micrographs of heat-treated Mo/Ta/Nb-modified alloys: (a) the reference No.1-Ti1100; (b) No.2-Mo; (c) No.3-Ta; (d) No.4-Nb; (e) No.5-TaNb; and (f) No.6-MoTaNb.
Alloys | σYS (MPa) | σUTS (MPa) | ψ (%) | δ (%) | Temperature (K) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1- Ti1100 | 922 | 1026 | 14.0 | 3.7 | 298 |
3- Ta | 899 | 990 | 13.5 | 3.9 | |
4- Nb | 898 | 990 | 13.6 | 4.1 | |
5- TaNb | 970 | 1032 | 11.3 | 2.7 | |
6- MoTaNb | 883 | 995 | 12.2 | 8.1 | |
1- Ti1100 | 474 | 555 | 35 | 23 | 923 |
6- MoTaNb | 420 | 550 | 52 | 45 |
Table 3 Mechanical properties of the reference Ti1100 and the designed alloys at both room temperature and a high temperature of 923 K, including the yield strength σYS, ultimate tensile strength σUTS, elongation to fracture δ, and area reduction ψ.
Alloys | σYS (MPa) | σUTS (MPa) | ψ (%) | δ (%) | Temperature (K) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1- Ti1100 | 922 | 1026 | 14.0 | 3.7 | 298 |
3- Ta | 899 | 990 | 13.5 | 3.9 | |
4- Nb | 898 | 990 | 13.6 | 4.1 | |
5- TaNb | 970 | 1032 | 11.3 | 2.7 | |
6- MoTaNb | 883 | 995 | 12.2 | 8.1 | |
1- Ti1100 | 474 | 555 | 35 | 23 | 923 |
6- MoTaNb | 420 | 550 | 52 | 45 |
Fig. 5. Reaction index n and oxidation rate constant kP for oxidation reaction of the reference Ti1100 and the designed alloys oxidized at 923 and 1073 K.
Alloys | G+ (mg?cm-2)/100 h | n | kP (mg?cm-2?h-1) | Q (kJ/mol) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
923 K | 1073 K | 923 K | 1073 K | 923 K | 1073 K | ||
1- Ti1100 | 0.8903 | 13.5908 | 2.08 | 1.13 | 74.10 × 10-4 | 19.96 × 10-2 | 182 |
2- Mo | 0.7477 | 14.8471 | 2.02 | 1.03 | 52.60 × 10-4 | 16.57 × 10-2 | 191 |
3- Ta | 0.3072 | 1.7755 | 2.78 | 1.81 | 3.40 × 10-4 | 2.48 × 10-2 | 237 |
4- Nb | 0.3684 | 5.2349 | 2.87 | 1.65 | 5.60 × 10-4 | 14.12 × 10-2 | 306 |
5- TaNb | 0.3068 | 3.8793 | 1.82 | 1.41 | 12.10 × 10-4 | 6.65 × 10-2 | 222 |
6- MoTaNb | 0.2145 | 5.6035 | 1.96 | 1.29 | 5.25 × 10-4 | 8.57 × 10-2 | 282 |
Table 4 Weight gain per unit area G+ for 100 h-exposure in air and the related oxidation kinetics data, including the reaction index n, oxidation rate constant kP and activation energies Q, of the reference Ti1100 and the new-designed alloys oxidized at both 923 K and 1073 K.
Alloys | G+ (mg?cm-2)/100 h | n | kP (mg?cm-2?h-1) | Q (kJ/mol) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
923 K | 1073 K | 923 K | 1073 K | 923 K | 1073 K | ||
1- Ti1100 | 0.8903 | 13.5908 | 2.08 | 1.13 | 74.10 × 10-4 | 19.96 × 10-2 | 182 |
2- Mo | 0.7477 | 14.8471 | 2.02 | 1.03 | 52.60 × 10-4 | 16.57 × 10-2 | 191 |
3- Ta | 0.3072 | 1.7755 | 2.78 | 1.81 | 3.40 × 10-4 | 2.48 × 10-2 | 237 |
4- Nb | 0.3684 | 5.2349 | 2.87 | 1.65 | 5.60 × 10-4 | 14.12 × 10-2 | 306 |
5- TaNb | 0.3068 | 3.8793 | 1.82 | 1.41 | 12.10 × 10-4 | 6.65 × 10-2 | 222 |
6- MoTaNb | 0.2145 | 5.6035 | 1.96 | 1.29 | 5.25 × 10-4 | 8.57 × 10-2 | 282 |
Fig. 6. SEM morphologies of oxide scales in alloys. (a, e): No.1-Ti1100, (b, f): No.3-Ta, (c, g): No.4-Nb, and (d, h) No.6-MoTaNb at both 923 K (a-d) and 1073 K (e-h) after exposure for 100 h.
Fig. 8. Elemental distributions of the oxide scales after exposure at 1073 K for 100 h mapped by EPMA. (a): No.1-Ti1100; (b): No.3-Ta; (c): No.4-Nb; and (d): No.6-MoTaNb.
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