Effects of temperature on the tribological behavior of Al0.25CoCrFeNi high-entropy alloy

doi:10.1016/j.jmst.2018.11.023

Abstract

Abstract:

The tribological behavior of Al_0.25CoCrFeNi high-entropy alloy (HEA) sliding against Si₃N₄ ball was investigated from room temperature to 600 ℃. The microstructure of the alloys was characterized by simple FCC phase with 260 HV. Below 300 ℃, with increasing temperature, the wear rate increased due to high temperature softening. The wear rate remained stabilized above 300 ℃ due to the anti-wear effect of the oxidation film on the contact interface. The dominant wear mechanism of HEA changed from abrasive wear at room temperature to delamination wear at 200 ℃, then delamination wear and oxidative wear at 300 ℃ and became oxidative above 300 ℃. Moreover, the adhesive wear existed concomitantly below 300 ℃.

Key words: Abrasive wear, Friction and wear characteristics, Hardness, High temperature, Microstructure, Oxidation, Rapid solidification, Sliding, Wear mechanism

L.M. Du, L.W. Lan, S. Zhu, H.J. Yang, X.H. Shi, P.K. Liaw, J.W. Qiao. Effects of temperature on the tribological behavior of Al_0.25CoCrFeNi high-entropy alloy[J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2019, 35(5): 917-925.

Figures/Tables 10

Table 1 Parameters for the Si3N4 and Al0.25CoCrFeNi HEA.

Materials	Radius(mm)	Hardness(GPa)	Young’s modulus(GPa)	Poisson’s ratio
Si₃N₄	5.5	\	310	0.26
Al_0.25CoCrFeNi	∞	2.53	215	0.287

Fig. 1 Schematic diagram of typical wear scar profile. The marked h and b are the depth and width of the wear scars, respectively.

Fig. 2 (a) XRD patterns of as-cast and annealed Al0.25CoCrFeNi HEA, (b) microstructure of the annealed Al0.25CoCrFeNi HEA.

Fig. 3 SEM micrograph and EDS mapping of elements Al, Co, Cr, Fe and Ni in the annealed HEA.

Fig. 4 Hardness of as-cast, cold rolled, and annealed Al0.25CoCrFeNi HEA.

Fig. 5 XPS analysis of the oxidation films on the worn surface tested at 600?°C: (a) Al element; (b) Co element; (c) Cr element; (d) Fe element; (e) Ni element; and (f) O element.

Fig. 6 Wear rate of Al0.25CoCrFeNi HEA at different test temperatures.

Fig. 7 SEM images of the worn surface of Al0.25CoCrFeNi HEA at different temperatures: (a) room temperature (20?°C); (b) 100?°C; (c) 200?°C; (d) 300?°C; (e) 400?°C; (f) 500?°C; and (g) 600?°C; and (h) a typical SEM image of worn ring on the sample surface.

Table 2 Chemical compositions of worn surface and wear debris of Al0.25CoCrFeNi HEA at elevated temperatures.

Temperature	Al	Co	Cr	Fe	Ni	O
20?°C
Surface	3.6?±?0.8	23.4?±?2.3	23.9?±?7.6	21.3?±?2.1	22.2?±?3.2	4.9?±?1.1
Debris	3.8?±?0.6	23.4?±?1.6	26.1?±?0.9	24.8?±?1.3	14.5?±?5.4	6.3?±?3.5
100°C
Surface	4.6?±?0.5	29.8?±?0.6	23.3?±?1.1	23.0?±?0.9	13.7?±?2.7	5.2?±?1.8
Debris	4.2?±?1.3	17.7?±?0.4	21.5?±?2.6	22.4?±?9.2	23.5?±?8.8	10.4?±?3.4
200°C
Surface	5.0?±?0.3	23.9?±?3.2	21.1?±?0.8	20.0?±?3.8	22.2?±?4.5	7.8?±?2.7
Debris	3.3?±?2.4	15.4?±?8.2	14.8?±?1.6	16.0?±?3.2	22.1?±?4.8	28.0?±?3.6
300°C
Surface	4.8?±?1.2	24.3?±?0.7	21.0?±?5.3	23.1?±?2.1	16.2?±?3.3	10.3?±?0.9
Debris	3.4?±?1.2	15.3?±?1.5	11.6?±?3.2	12.1?±?3.3	11.5?±?1.6	44.3?±?6.6
400°C
Surface	4.4?±?0.5	23.2?±?1.2	17.1?±?0.9	16.0?±?2.7	16.7?±?0.8	21.9?±?2.4
Debris	2.5?±?0.8	16.7?±?0.9	12.2?±?0.6	16.8?±?3.3	7.6?±?5.2	43.8?±?8.4
500℃
Surface	4?±?1.6	18?±?1.6	17.5?±?2.2	17.2?±?2.5	19.5?±?1.3	23.2?±?6.1
Debris	1.7?±?0.9	18.7?±?1.3	7.6?±?0.6	12.8?±?1.7	8.8?±?3.1	49.8?±?9.4
600°C
Surface	2.9?±?0.3	16.1?±?2.8	19.8?±?1.5	17.6?±?0.9	18.6?±?2.4	24.3?±?3.6
Debris	2.7?±?0.7	13.1?±?1.4	8.5?±?1.6	15.7?±?0.6	8.8?±?3.5	50.6?±?7.4

Fig. 8 Friction coefficient of Al0.25CoCrFeNi HEA vs. sliding time under different test temperatures: (a) room temperature (20?°C); (b) 100?°C; (c) 200?°C; (d) 300?°C; (e) 400?°C; (f) 500?°C; and (g) 600?°C. (h) Variations of the friction coefficient with the temperatures.

References

[1]	J.W. Yeh, S.K. Chen, S.J. Lin, J.Y. Gan, T.S. Chin, T.T. Shun, C.H. Tsau, S.Y. Chang,Adv. Eng. Mater. 6(2004) 299-303.
[2]	S. Ranganathan, Currentence 85 (2003) 1404-1406.
[3]	M.H. Tsai, J.W. Yeh, Mater. Res. Lett. 2(2014) 107-123.
[4]	Y.J. Zhao, J.W. Qiao, S.G. Ma, M.C. Gao, H.J. Yang, M.W. Chen, Y. Zhang, Mater.Design 96 (2016) 10-15.
[5]	O.N. Senkov, G.B. Wilks, D.B. Miracle, C.P. Chuang, P.K. Liaw, Intermetallics 18(2010) 1758-1765.
[6]	M.C. Gao, B. Zhang, S.M. Guo, J.W. Qiao, J.A. Hawk, Metall. Mater. Trans. A 47(2016) 3322-3332.
[7]	A. Dwivedi, C.C. Koch, K.V. Rajulapati, Mater. Lett. 183(2016) 44-47.
[8]	R. Wang, W. Chen, J. Zhong, L. Zhang, J. Mater.Sci.Technol. 34(2018)1791-1798.
[9]	Z. Wang, Q. Fang, J. Li, B. Liu, Y. Liu, J. Mater.Sci.Technol. 34(2018) 349-354.
[10]	W. Chen, X. Ding, Y. Feng, X. Liu, K. Liu, Z.P. Lu, D. Li, Y. Li, C.T. Liu, X.Q. Chen, J.Mater.Sci.Technol. 34(2018) 355-364.
[11]	W. Zhang, P.K. Liaw, Y. Zhang, Sci. China Mater. 61(2018) 2-22.
[12]	C.M. Lin, H.L. Tsai, Intermetallics 19 (2011) 288-294.
[13]	C.M. Lin, H.L. Tsai, J. Alloys Compd. 489 (2010) 30-35.
[14]	C.M. Lin,H.L. Tsai, H.Y. Bor, Intermetallics 18 (2010) 1244-1250
[15]	S. Varalakshmi, M. Kamaraj, B.S. Murty, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 527 (2010)1027-1030.
[16]	Y.F. Kao, S.K. Chen, T.J. Chen, P.C. Chu, J.W. Yeh, S.J. Lin, J. AlloysCompd. 509(2011) 1607-1614.
[17]	H.W. Yao, J.W. Qiao, M.C. Gao, J.A. Hawk, S.G. Ma, H.F. Zhou, Y. Zhang, Mater.Sci. Eng. A 674 (2016) 203-211.
[18]	H.W. Yao, J.W. Qiao, J.A. Hawk, H.F. Zhou, M.W. Chen, M.C. Gao, J.Alloys Compd. 696(2017) 1139-1150.
[19]	Y. Lu, Y. Dong, S. Guo, J. Li, H. Kang, T. Wang, B. Wen, Z. Wang, J. Jie, Z. Cao, Sci.Rep.-UK 4 (2014) 6200.
[20]	Y. Shi, B. Yang, X. Xie, J. Brechtl, K.A. Dahmen, P.K. Liaw, Corros. Sci. 119(2017)33-45.
[21]	Y.L. Chou, J.W. Yeh, H.C. Shih, Corros. Sci. 52(2010) 2571-2581.
[22]	Z. Tang, T. Yuan, C.W. Tsai, J.W. Yeh, C.D. Lundin, P.K. Liaw, Acta Mater. 99(2015) 247-258.
[23]	M.A. Hemphill, T. Yuan, G.Y. Wang, J.W. Yeh, C.W. Tsai, A. Chuang, P.K. Liaw,Acta Mater. 60(2012) 5723-5734.
[24]	G. Qin, S. Wang, R. Chen, X. Gong, L. Wang, Y. Su, J. Guo, H. Fu, J. Mater.Sci.Technol. 34(2018) 365-369.
[25]	N. Ley, S.S. Joshi, B. Zhang, Y.H. Ho, N.B. Dahotre, M.L. Young, Surf. Coat. Tech.348(2018) 150-158.
[26]	W.H. Liu, Y. Wu, J.Y. He, T.G. Nieh, Z.P. Lu, Scripta Mater. 68(2013) 526-529.
[27]	J.M. Wu, S.J. Lin, J.W. Yeh, S.K. Chen, Y.S. Huang, H.C. Chen, Wear 261 (2006)513-519.
[28]	M.H. Chuang, M.H. Tsai, W.R. Wang, S.J. Lin, J.W. Yeh, Acta Mater. 59(2011)6308-6317.
[29]	Y. Liu, S. Ma, M.C. Gao, C. Zhang, T. Zhang, H. Yang, Z. Wang, J. Qiao, Merall.Mater. Trans. 47(2016) 3312-3321.
[30]	Y. Lu, Z. Tang, B. Wen, G. Wang, S. Wu, T. Wang, Y. Zhang, Z. Chen, Z. Cao, T. Li,J. Mater.Sci.Technol. 34(2018) 344-348.
[31]	H. Jiang, L. Jiang, D. Qiao, Y. Lu, T. Wang, Z. Cao, T. Li, J. Mater.Sci.Technol. 33(2017) 712-717.
[32]	H. Duan, Y. Wu, M. Hua, C. Yuan, D. Wang, J. Tu, H. Kou, J. Li, Wear 297 (2013)1045-1051.
[33]	Y. Yu, J. Wang, J. Li, J. Yang, H. Kou, W. Liu, J. Mater.Sc.Technol. 32(2016)470-476.
[34]	Y. Wang, Y. Yang, H. Yang, M. Zhang, S. Ma, J. Qiao, Mater. Chem. Phys. 210(2018) 233-239.
[35]	C. Huang, Y. Zhang, J. Shen, R. Vilar, Surf. Coat. Tech. 206(2011) 1389-1395.
[36]	C. Huang, Y. Zhang, R. Vilar, J. Shen, Mater. Des. 41(2012) 338-343.
[37]	Y. Yu, W.M. Liu, T.B. Zhang, J.S. Li, J. Wang, H.C. Kou, J. Li, Merall. Mater. Trans.A 45 (2014) 201-207.
[38]	D. Ma, M. Yao, K.G. Pradeep, C.C. Tasan, H. Springer, D. Raabe, Acta Mater. 98(2015) 288-296.
[39]	W.R. Wang, W.L. Wang, J.W. Yeh, J. Alloys Compd. 589(2014) 143-152.
[40]	B. Bhushan, P.L. Ko, Appl. Mech. Rev. 56(2002) B6.
[41]	J. Hou, M. Zhang, H. Yang, J. Qiao, Metals-Basel 7 (2017) 111.
[42]	Z. Wang, M.C. Gao, S.G. Ma, H.J. Yang, Z.H. Wang, M. Ziomek-Moroz, J.W. Qiao,Mater. Sci. Eng. A 645 (2015) 163-169.
[43]	S. Hernandez, J. Hardell, H. Winkelmann, M.R. Ripoll, B. Prakash, Wear338-339(2015) 27-35.
[44]	M.M. Khruschov, Wear 28 (1974) 69-88.
[45]	H. Yang, Y. Liu, T. Zhang, H. Wang, B. Tang, J. Qiao, J. Mater.Sci.Technol. 30(2014) 576-583.
[46]	A. Gárd, P. Krakhmalev, J. Bergstr?,J.H. Grytzelius, H.M. Zhang,J. Appl. Phys.103(2008), 124301.
[47]	A. Gárd, N. Hallb?k,P. Krakhmalev, J. Bergstr?, Wear 268 (2010) 968-975.
[48]	K. Miyoshi, Tribol. Int. 32(1999) 605-616.
[49]	S. Wen, P. Huang, Macmillan, 2012.
[50]	Y. Zhang, J.P. Liu, S.Y. Chen, X. Xie, P.K. Liaw, K.A. Dahmen, J.W. Qiao, Y.L. Wang, Prog. Mater. Sci. 90(2017) 358-460.