Controllable phase transformation and improved thermal stability of nickel on tungsten substrate by electrodeposition

doi:10.1016/j.jmst.2018.11.002

Abstract

Abstract:

Present study reports a controllable phase transformation of nickel (Ni) from amorphous to cubic crystal structures on tungsten (W) substrate by electrodeposition. X-ray powder diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy were used to characterize the microstructure, micro-constituents and surface morphology of as-prepared Ni. The microstructure of Ni was strongly affected by the applied overpotential and deposition time. It is demonstrated that by controlling these two parameters either amorphous or cubic crystal structure of Ni on the W substrate could be obtained. The crystallization mechanism is discussed based on Gibbs crystal growth theory and Ostwald’s rule. It is concluded that W substrate, acting as a heat sink, can effectively promote the thermal stability of amorphous Ni, based on the data from differential scanning calorimetry and Kissinger’s model. This work contributes to the elucidation of the crystallization mechanism of Ni on W powder substrates, and proves that, better than alloying with other elements, incorporating powder substrates will significantly improve the crystallization temperature, hence the thermostability of amorphous Ni.

Key words: Phase transformation, Amorphous Ni, Electrodeposition, Electrocrystallization, Thermal stability

Minjie Xu, Chao Hu, Haiyan Xiang, Haozi Lu, Travis Shihao Hu, Bonian Hu, Song Liu, Gang Yu. Controllable phase transformation and improved thermal stability of nickel on tungsten substrate by electrodeposition[J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2019, 35(5): 727-732.

Figures/Tables 7

Table 1 Pretreatment process of tungsten (W) powders.

Process steps	Process solutions and operation conditions
Alkaline cleaning	cleaning with 100 g?L^-1 NaOH aqueous solution under ultrasonic environment
Acid activating	activating with 20% HNO₃ aqueous solution under ultrasonic environment

Table 2 Composition of the nickel (Ni) electroplating bath and the deposition parameters.

Components	Parameters
NiSO₄?6H₂O	50?g L^-1
NaCl	100?g L^-1
H₃BO₃	30?g L^-1
NH₄Cl	30?g L^-1
Temperature	room temperature
Stirring speed	900?rpm
Electroplating time	10-30?min

Fig. 1 Schematic of the formation processes of the Ni layer on W powders through intermittent electrodeposition. Under low-applied voltage Ni assumes amorphous structure, while under high-applied voltage Ni crystalizes.

Fig. 2 SEM images of (a) amorphous Ni on W powders, (b) crystalline Ni on W powders; (c) XRD patterns and (d) EDS patterns of pristine W powders (black line) and W samples after electrodepositied Ni under low (blue line) and high (red line) applied voltages. The inset in the top right corner of (a) shows an enlarged image of amorphous Ni, and the insets of the bottom right corner of (a) and (b) depict the Ni microstructures, respectively.

Fig. 3 (a) TEM image, (b) HRTEM image and (c) SAED image of amorphous Ni; (d) TEM image, (e) HRTEM image, and (f) SAED image of crystal Ni. The inset in the top right corner of (e) shows the interplanar spacing of Ni.

Fig. 4 SEM images of Ni on W powders prepared under the applied voltage of 1.1?V and with the periodic electrodeposition time of (a) 1?min for 10 cycles, (b) 2?min for 10 cycles and (c) 3?min for 10 cycles; (d) XRD patterns and (e) EDS patterns of the Ni on W samples prepared under different electrodeposition time of (a), (b) and (c), respectively.

Fig. 5 (a) DSC curves of amorphous Ni on W powders with different annealing rates; (b) plot of ln(V/T2p) vs. 1/Tp based on the Kissinger equation.

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