J. Mater. Sci. Technol. ›› 2019, Vol. 35 ›› Issue (2): 309-321.DOI: 10.1016/j.jmst.2018.10.025
• Orginal Article • Previous Articles Next Articles
César A.Terrazasab*(), Lawrence E.Murrac, Diego Bermudezac, Edel Arrietaab, David A.Robersonac, Ryan B.Wickerab
Received:
2018-09-12
Revised:
2018-09-28
Accepted:
2018-10-04
Online:
2019-02-05
Published:
2018-12-21
Contact:
A.Terrazas César
About author:
These authors contributed equally to this work.
César A.Terrazas, Lawrence E.Murr, Diego Bermudez, Edel Arrieta, David A.Roberson, Ryan B.Wicker. Microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti-6Al-4V-5% hydroxyapatite composite fabricated using electron beam powder bed fusion[J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2019, 35(2): 309-321.
Fig. 4. Optical microscope (OM) images of EPBF-fabricated solid components. (a) Ti64 component section observed in the vertical plane (parallel to the build direction). (b) Ti64/5%HA composite section observed in the vertical plane. Dark arrows in (a) point to the grain boundary of the prior β-phase while the white arrows point to two α-lamellae within an α-phase colony. Dark arrows in (b) point to HA precipitated in the grain boundaries of the large grain structure domains while white arrows in (b) point to the precipitated HA particles inside these grain domains.
Fig. 5. XRD spectra for EPBF-fabricated solid component sections observed in the horizontal plane (perpendicular to the build direction). (a) Ti64. (b) Ti64/5%HA composite.
Fig. 6. Comparison of open-cellular, mesh design models (unit cells) and corresponding EPBF-fabricated mesh structures in decreasing order of density. (a) Octet truss (1.12 g/cm3), (b) G structure 3 (G3) (0.81 g/cm3), (c) Rhombic dodecahedron (0.70 g/cm3), and (d) Dode medium (0.68 g/cm3).
Material | Density ρ (g/cm3) | ρ/ρs | Porositya (%) | Modulusb E (GPa) | E/Es | Mesh strut thickness (mm) | Pore size meas. (mm) | Pore size cal. (mm)c |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Solid Ti64 | 4.43 | ~1 | ~0 | 110 | 1 | - | - | - |
Solid Ti64/5%HA | 4.16 | 0.96 | 4 | 110 | 1 | - | - | - |
Ti64/5%HA Octet-mesh | 1.12 | 0.27 | 73 | 8.0 | 0.073 | 1.5 | 0.9 | 1.3 |
Ti64/5%HA G3-mesh | 0.81 | 0.19 | 81 | 4.0 | 0.036 | 0.80 | 2.1 | 2.3 |
Ti64/5%HA Rhom. dodec. mesh | 0.70 | 0.17 | 83 | 3.2 | 0.029 | 0.65 | 2.4 | 2.7 |
Ti64/5%HA Dode m-mesh | 0.68 | 0.16 | 84 | 2.9 | 0.026 | 0.60 | 2.7 | 2.9 |
Table 1 Comparative EPBF-fabricated solid and mesh structure properties.
Material | Density ρ (g/cm3) | ρ/ρs | Porositya (%) | Modulusb E (GPa) | E/Es | Mesh strut thickness (mm) | Pore size meas. (mm) | Pore size cal. (mm)c |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Solid Ti64 | 4.43 | ~1 | ~0 | 110 | 1 | - | - | - |
Solid Ti64/5%HA | 4.16 | 0.96 | 4 | 110 | 1 | - | - | - |
Ti64/5%HA Octet-mesh | 1.12 | 0.27 | 73 | 8.0 | 0.073 | 1.5 | 0.9 | 1.3 |
Ti64/5%HA G3-mesh | 0.81 | 0.19 | 81 | 4.0 | 0.036 | 0.80 | 2.1 | 2.3 |
Ti64/5%HA Rhom. dodec. mesh | 0.70 | 0.17 | 83 | 3.2 | 0.029 | 0.65 | 2.4 | 2.7 |
Ti64/5%HA Dode m-mesh | 0.68 | 0.16 | 84 | 2.9 | 0.026 | 0.60 | 2.7 | 2.9 |
Fig. 7. Mesh strut (for the Dode medium unit cell) section backscatter electron (BSE) image (a), and corresponding strut cross-section OM image for Ti64/5%HA composite (b).
Fig. 8. BSE/EDS image comparison showing magnified views of the strut cross-section shown in the OM image in Fig. 7(b) above. (a) BSE image showing HA dispersoids (white) in Ti64 matrix by atomic number contrast. (b) EDS (characteristic x-ray) map using combined P and Ca elemental x-ray spectra to identify HA dispersoids (white) as in (a).
Material | Tensile yield stress YS (0.2%) (GPa) | Ultimate tensile stress (GPa) | Tensile elongation (%) | Vickers hardness (GPa) | Compressive strength (MPa) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Commercial (cast) Ti64 solida | 0.82 | 0.90 | 7 | 3.1 | - |
Commercial (wrought) Ti64 solida | 1.17 | 1.23 | 12 | 3.8 | 1700a |
Solid EPBF Ti64 | 0.95 | 1.11 | 13 | 4.1 | 1300a |
Solid EPBF Ti64/5%HA | - | 0.12 | 5 | 6.8 | 875 |
EPBF Ti64/5%HA Octet mesh | - | - | - | - | 10.8 |
EPBF Ti64/5%HA G3 mesh | - | - | - | - | 3.2 |
EPBF Ti64/5%HA Rhom. Dodec. mesh | - | - | - | - | 2.5 |
EPBF Ti64/5%HA Dode m. mesh | - | - | - | 7.1 | 3.3 |
Table 2 Mechanical property data: Solid Ti64 and Ti64/5%HA; and mesh Ti64/5%HA.
Material | Tensile yield stress YS (0.2%) (GPa) | Ultimate tensile stress (GPa) | Tensile elongation (%) | Vickers hardness (GPa) | Compressive strength (MPa) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Commercial (cast) Ti64 solida | 0.82 | 0.90 | 7 | 3.1 | - |
Commercial (wrought) Ti64 solida | 1.17 | 1.23 | 12 | 3.8 | 1700a |
Solid EPBF Ti64 | 0.95 | 1.11 | 13 | 4.1 | 1300a |
Solid EPBF Ti64/5%HA | - | 0.12 | 5 | 6.8 | 875 |
EPBF Ti64/5%HA Octet mesh | - | - | - | - | 10.8 |
EPBF Ti64/5%HA G3 mesh | - | - | - | - | 3.2 |
EPBF Ti64/5%HA Rhom. Dodec. mesh | - | - | - | - | 2.5 |
EPBF Ti64/5%HA Dode m. mesh | - | - | - | 7.1 | 3.3 |
Fig. 11. SEM images of Ti64 tensile fracture surface features. (a) Wrought component. (b) EPBF-fabricated component. (a) and (b) correspond to stress-strain data in Table 1.
Fig. 12. SEM images for tensile fracture surface features for tensile fracture for Ti64/5%HA composite components as in Fig. 9(a); at low (a) and high (b) magnifications.
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