Fabrication of commercial pure Ti by selective laser melting using hydride-dehydride titanium powders treated by ball milling

doi:10.1016/j.jmst.2018.09.058

Abstract

Abstract:

Micro-fine sphericalpowders are recommended for selective laser melting (SLM). However, they are mostly expensive due to the complex manufacturing technique and low yield. In this paper, using low-cost treated hydride-dehydride (HDH) Ti powders, commercial pure Ti (CP-Ti) was successfully fabricated by SLM. After 4-h milling, the resulting powders become near-spherical with no obvious angularity, and have optimal flowability with the apparent density of 1.64 ± 0.02 g/cm³, tap density of 2.10 ± 0.04 g/cm³, angle of repose 40.11°±0.09°, and Carr’s index of 77.74 ± 0.15. The microstructure was determined with full acicular martensitic α′ phase. The CP-Ti can achieve superior mechanical properties with the ultimate tensile strength of 876.1 ± 20.5 MPa and elongation of (14.7 ± 0.5)%, which exhibit distinctly competitive compared to the as-cast CP-Ti or Ti-6Al-4V. Excellent mechanical properties together with its low-cost make SLM-fabricated CP-Ti from modified HDH Ti powders show promising applications.

Key words: Selective laser melting, Hydride-dehydride powders, Titanium, Microstructure, Mechanical properties

Wei Xu, Shiqi Xiao, , Gang Chen, Chengcheng Liu, Xuanhui Qu. Fabrication of commercial pure Ti by selective laser melting using hydride-dehydride titanium powders treated by ball milling[J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2019, 35(2): 322-327.

Figures/Tables 7

Fig. 1. SEM images of the powder: (a) raw powder; (b-d) milled powder: (b) 2 h, (c) 4 h, (d) 6 h.

Table 1 Characteristic parameters of raw and milled powders.

	Oxygen content (wt%)	D₅₀ (μm)	Apparent density (g/cm³)	Tap density (g/cm³)	Angle of repose (°)	Carr’s index
raw powder	0.35 ± 0.04	33.18 ± 1.12	1.26 ± 0.04	1.88 ± 0.06	43.33 ± 0.11	65.06 ± 0.13
2 h	0.41 ± 0.03	31.65 ± 0.66	1.42 ± 0.05	1.91 ± 0.07	41.23 ± 0.12	72.06 ± 0.16
4 h	0.42 ± 0.02	30.15 ± 0.58	1.64 ± 0.02	2.10 ± 0.04	40.11 ± 0.09	77.74 ± 0.15
6 h	0.44 ± 0.04	28.49 ± 1.28	1.54 ± 0.06	2.03 ± 0.06	40.35 ± 0.15	75.16 ± 0.14

Table 2 Impurity levels in raw powders, milled powders and SLM-fabricated CP-Ti specimens (wt%).

Impurity	Raw Powders	Milled Powders	SLM CP-Ti parts
C	0.03 ± 0.01	0.07 ± 0.02	0.08 ± 0.02
O	0.28 ± 0.05	0.41 ± 0.03	0.43 ± 0.05
N	0.02 ± 0.01	0.02 ± 0.01	0.03 ± 0.01
Fe	0.04 ± 0.02	0.09 ± 0.01	0.10 ± 0.02

Fig. 2. CP-Ti samples fabricated by SLM using treated HDH powders: (a) university logo, (b) tensile specimens, (c) cubes, and (d) mobius band.

Fig. 3. XRD patterns of raw powders and SLM-produced CP-Ti at (a) 2θ = 30°?90°, (b) 2θ = 38.37°, and (c) 2θ = 40.14°.

Fig. 4. SEM images of SLM-fabricated CP-Ti in xy plane (a, b) and yz plane (c, d).

Fig. 5. (a): Tensile stress-strain curves of SLM-fabricated CP-Ti, cast CP-Ti and Ti-6Al-4V; (b) comparison of SLM-fabricated CP-Ti using HDH powders, as-cast CP-Ti and Ti-6Al-4V, SLM-fabricated CP-Ti and Ti-6Al-4V from spherical powders, ASTM standard for CP-Ti and Ti-6Al-4V, SLM-fabricated Ti-Ta, and SLM-fabricated Ti-24Nb-4Zr-8Sn.

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