J. Mater. Sci. Technol. ›› 2019, Vol. 35 ›› Issue (2): 270-284.DOI: 10.1016/j.jmst.2018.09.004
• Orginal Article • Previous Articles Next Articles
Jinliang Zhanga, Bo Songa*(), Qingsong Weia, Dave Bourellb, a
Received:
2018-03-29
Revised:
2018-04-26
Accepted:
2018-05-22
Online:
2019-02-05
Published:
2018-12-21
Contact:
Song Bo
About author:
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Jinliang Zhang, Bo Song, Qingsong Wei, Dave Bourell, . A review of selective laser melting of aluminum alloys: Processing, microstructure, property and developing trends[J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2019, 35(2): 270-284.
Fig. 1. Classification of cast aluminum alloys and wrought aluminum alloys: (a) cast aluminium alloys. (b) wrought aluminium alloys. Non-heat treatable aluminium alloys are in blue and heat treatable aluminum alloys are in red.
Series | Types | elements | Performance |
---|---|---|---|
1××× | non-heat treatable | Pure Al (≥99.00%) | Low strength, good corrosion resistance and conductivity, easy processing |
2××× | heat treatable | Al-Cu/Al-Cu-Mg | Hard-aluminium alloy. High strength, good heat resistance, poor corrosion resistance |
3××× | non-heat treatable | Al-Mn | Antirust aluminium alloy. Low strength, cold-working-hardening, good plasticity and weldability |
4××× | non-heat treatable | Al-Si | High silicon, low melting point, good weldability, good heat and wear resistance |
5××× | non-heat treatable | Al-Mg | High magnesium, good corrosion resistance and weldability |
6××× | heat treatable | Al-Mg-Si | Medium strength, good formability, weldability and machinability |
7××× | heat treatable | Al-Zn-Mg | Very high strength, cannot be welded, poor corrosion resistance |
8××× | / | Other elements | / |
9××× | / | Spare alloys | / |
Table 1 Properties of aluminium series alloys.
Series | Types | elements | Performance |
---|---|---|---|
1××× | non-heat treatable | Pure Al (≥99.00%) | Low strength, good corrosion resistance and conductivity, easy processing |
2××× | heat treatable | Al-Cu/Al-Cu-Mg | Hard-aluminium alloy. High strength, good heat resistance, poor corrosion resistance |
3××× | non-heat treatable | Al-Mn | Antirust aluminium alloy. Low strength, cold-working-hardening, good plasticity and weldability |
4××× | non-heat treatable | Al-Si | High silicon, low melting point, good weldability, good heat and wear resistance |
5××× | non-heat treatable | Al-Mg | High magnesium, good corrosion resistance and weldability |
6××× | heat treatable | Al-Mg-Si | Medium strength, good formability, weldability and machinability |
7××× | heat treatable | Al-Zn-Mg | Very high strength, cannot be welded, poor corrosion resistance |
8××× | / | Other elements | / |
9××× | / | Spare alloys | / |
Fig. 10. Formation mechanism and morphology of oxide film [102]. (a) Oxide disruption of the molten pool. (b) The walls of oxide films. (c) SEM image of oxide films after deep corrosion.
Fig. 12. (a) SLMed Al-Si alloy microstructure at low magnification. (b) SLMed Al-Si alloy microstructure at high magnification. (c) Inverse polar figure obtained by EBSD [125]. (d) Casting Al-Si alloy microstructure [124].
Material | Condition | Hardness (HV) | Yield strength (MPa) | Ultimate Tensile Strength (MPa) | Elongation (%) | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AlSi10Mg | As-SLMed | — | ~270 | ~375 | ~4 | [ |
As-SLMed | ~136 | - | ~396 | ~3.5 | [ | |
As-SLMed | 139-146 | ~360 | ~6 | [ | ||
As-SLMed | ~133 | ~322 | ~434 | ~5.3 | [ | |
SLM + solution at 450 °C | ~90 | ~196 | ~282 | ~13.4 | [ | |
SLM++solution at 550 °C | ~60 | ~90 | ~168 | ~23.7 | [ | |
SLM + T6 | ~78 | - | ~187 | ~19.5 | [ | |
As-SLMed | 125 | ~268 | ~333 | ~1.4 | [ | |
SLM + T6 | ~103 | ~239 | ~292 | ~3.9 | [ | |
As-SLMed | ~311 | ~391 | ~7.2 | [ | ||
As-SLMed | ~300 | ~455 | ~5.4 | [ | ||
As-SLMed | ~255 | ~377 | ~1.2 | [ | ||
SLM + annealing | ~158 | ~256 | ~9.9 | [ | ||
SLM + T6 | ~210 | ~284 | ~4.9 | [ | ||
AlSi12 | SLM + solution | ~110 | ~190 | ~25 | [ | |
As-SLMed | ~260 | ~380 | ~3 | [ | ||
SLM + annealing | ~95 | ~140 | ~15 | [ | ||
AlSi9Mg | As-SLMed | 328 | 379 | ~8.1 | [ | |
AlSi7Mg0.3 | As-SLMed | ~200 | ~400 | 12-17 | [ | |
AlSiMg0.75 | As-SLMed | ~150 | 354.9 | 427.7 | 2.54 | [ |
SLM + annealing | ~110 | 275.4 | 360.2 | 4.57 | [ |
Table 2 Mechanical properties of SLMed Al-Si alloys from different literatures.
Material | Condition | Hardness (HV) | Yield strength (MPa) | Ultimate Tensile Strength (MPa) | Elongation (%) | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AlSi10Mg | As-SLMed | — | ~270 | ~375 | ~4 | [ |
As-SLMed | ~136 | - | ~396 | ~3.5 | [ | |
As-SLMed | 139-146 | ~360 | ~6 | [ | ||
As-SLMed | ~133 | ~322 | ~434 | ~5.3 | [ | |
SLM + solution at 450 °C | ~90 | ~196 | ~282 | ~13.4 | [ | |
SLM++solution at 550 °C | ~60 | ~90 | ~168 | ~23.7 | [ | |
SLM + T6 | ~78 | - | ~187 | ~19.5 | [ | |
As-SLMed | 125 | ~268 | ~333 | ~1.4 | [ | |
SLM + T6 | ~103 | ~239 | ~292 | ~3.9 | [ | |
As-SLMed | ~311 | ~391 | ~7.2 | [ | ||
As-SLMed | ~300 | ~455 | ~5.4 | [ | ||
As-SLMed | ~255 | ~377 | ~1.2 | [ | ||
SLM + annealing | ~158 | ~256 | ~9.9 | [ | ||
SLM + T6 | ~210 | ~284 | ~4.9 | [ | ||
AlSi12 | SLM + solution | ~110 | ~190 | ~25 | [ | |
As-SLMed | ~260 | ~380 | ~3 | [ | ||
SLM + annealing | ~95 | ~140 | ~15 | [ | ||
AlSi9Mg | As-SLMed | 328 | 379 | ~8.1 | [ | |
AlSi7Mg0.3 | As-SLMed | ~200 | ~400 | 12-17 | [ | |
AlSiMg0.75 | As-SLMed | ~150 | 354.9 | 427.7 | 2.54 | [ |
SLM + annealing | ~110 | 275.4 | 360.2 | 4.57 | [ |
Test condition | YS (MPa) | UTS (MPa) | ef (%) | Kq (MPam) | ΔKth (MPam) | m | FS (MPa) | FS/UTS |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AS∥ | 270.1±10 | 325±20 | 4.4±0.7 | 46.7 | 1.1 | 3.1 | 60 | 0.22 |
AS⊥ | 274.8±8 | 296.1±20 | 2.2±0.3 | 37.9 | 1.4 | 3.7 | — | — |
HS∥ | 153.4±5 | 228±13 | 5.3±0.7 | 21.7 | 2.0 | 3.1 | 110 | 0.41 |
HS⊥ | 150.3±17 | 210.1±20 | 4.2±0.3 | 19.3 | 3.1 | 3.7 | — | — |
CS∥ | 262.4±17 | 330.7±15 | 3.9±0.6 | 47.0 | 1.3 | 3.4 | 70 | 0.22 |
CS⊥ | 276.6±15 | 302.7±15 | 2.3±0.3 | 34.5 | 1.3 | 3.9 | — | — |
CC | 104.2±11 | 192.3±15 | 9±0.5 | 11.1 | 3.4 | 5.4 | 94.5 | 0.49 |
Table 3 Mechanical properties of AlSi12 via SLM and casting in literature [124].
Test condition | YS (MPa) | UTS (MPa) | ef (%) | Kq (MPam) | ΔKth (MPam) | m | FS (MPa) | FS/UTS |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AS∥ | 270.1±10 | 325±20 | 4.4±0.7 | 46.7 | 1.1 | 3.1 | 60 | 0.22 |
AS⊥ | 274.8±8 | 296.1±20 | 2.2±0.3 | 37.9 | 1.4 | 3.7 | — | — |
HS∥ | 153.4±5 | 228±13 | 5.3±0.7 | 21.7 | 2.0 | 3.1 | 110 | 0.41 |
HS⊥ | 150.3±17 | 210.1±20 | 4.2±0.3 | 19.3 | 3.1 | 3.7 | — | — |
CS∥ | 262.4±17 | 330.7±15 | 3.9±0.6 | 47.0 | 1.3 | 3.4 | 70 | 0.22 |
CS⊥ | 276.6±15 | 302.7±15 | 2.3±0.3 | 34.5 | 1.3 | 3.9 | — | — |
CC | 104.2±11 | 192.3±15 | 9±0.5 | 11.1 | 3.4 | 5.4 | 94.5 | 0.49 |
Fig. 16. SEM images of Al-Cu-Mg samples. (a) and (b) SLMed Al-Cu-Mg samples [163]. (c) Al-Cu-Mg alloy after heat treatment [164]. (d) SLMed Zr/Al-Cu-Mg alloy [166].
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