Novel ternary g-C3N4/Fe3O4/MnWO4 nanocomposites: Synthesis, characterization, and visible-light photocatalytic performance for environmental purposes

doi:10.1016/j.jmst.2018.05.004

Abstract

Abstract:

The g-C₃N₄/Fe₃O₄/MnWO₄ nanocomposites were prepared by a refluxing-calcination procedure. Visible-light-induced photocatalytic experiments showed that the g-C₃N₄/Fe₃O₄/MnWO₄ (10%) nanocomposite has excellent ability to degrade a range of contaminants including rhodamine B, methylene blue, methyl orange, and fuchsine, which is about 7, 10, 25, and 31 times of the g-C₃N₄ photocatalyst, respectively. Reactive species trapping experiments revealed that superoxide anion radicals play major role in the photodegradation reaction of rhodamine B (RhB). After the treatment process, the utilized photocatalyst was magnetically recovered and reused with negligible loss in the photocatalytic activity, which is vital in the photocatalytic processes. Finally, a mechanism was proposed for the enhanced interfacial carrier separation and transfer and the improved photocatalytic performance.

Key words: g-C₃N₄/Fe₃O₄/MnWO₄, Magnetically recoverable photocatalyst, Visible-light photocatalyst, Wastewater

Mitra Mousavi, Aziz Habibi-Yangjeh, Davod Seifzadeh. Novel ternary g-C₃N₄/Fe₃O₄/MnWO₄ nanocomposites: Synthesis, characterization, and visible-light photocatalytic performance for environmental purposes[J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2018, 34(9): 1638-1651.

Figures/Tables 19

Scheme 1. Schematic illustration for preparation of the g-C3N4/Fe3O4/MnWO4 nanocomposites.

Fig. 1. XRD patterns for the g-C3N4, g-C3N4/Fe3O4, and g-C3N4/Fe3O4/MnWO4 nanocomposites with different weight percentages of MnWO4.

Fig. 2. (a) EDX spectra for the g-C3N4, g-C3N4/Fe3O4, and g-C3N4/Fe3O4/MnWO4 (10%) samples and weight percentages of different elements in the g-C3N4/Fe3O4/MnWO4 (10%) nanocomposite (inset table). (b-i) EDX mapping for the g-C3N4/Fe3O4/MnWO4 (10%) nanocomposite.

Fig. 3. (a) SEM, (b) TEM and (c) HRTEM images of the g-C3N4/Fe3O4/MnWO4 (10%) nanocomposite.

Fig. 4. XPS spectra for the g-C3N4/Fe3O4/MnWO4 (10%) nanocomposite: (a) survey scan, and high-resolution spectra for: (b) C 1s, (c) N 1s, (d) Fe 2p, (e) O 1s, (f) Mn 2p, and (g) W 4f.

Fig. 5. FT-IR spectra for the g-C3N4, g-C3N4/Fe3O4, and g-C3N4/Fe3O4/MnWO4 (10%) nanocomposites.

Fig. 6. UV-vis DRS for the g-C3N4, g-C3N4/Fe3O4, and g-C3N4/Fe3O4/MnWO4 nanocomposites.

Fig. 7. Thermogravimetric analysis for the g-C3N4, g-C3N4/Fe3O4, and g-C3N4/Fe3O4/MnWO4 nanocomposites with different compositions.

Fig. 8. VSM curves for the Fe3O4 and g-C3N4/Fe3O4/MnWO4 (10%) samples.

Fig. 9. Photodegradation of RhB over the g-C3N4, g-C3N4/Fe3O4, and g-C3N4/Fe3O4/MnWO4 nanocomposites with different weight percentages of MnWO4.

Fig. 10. UV-vis spectra for degradation of RhB under visible-light irradiation over the (a) g-C3N4, (b) g-C3N4/Fe3O4, and (c) g-C3N4/Fe3O4/MnWO4 (10%) nanocomposite.

Fig. 11. Degradation rate constants of RhB over the g-C3N4, g-C3N4/Fe3O4, and g-C3N4/Fe3O4/MnWO4 nanocomposites.

Fig. 12. (a) PL spectra for the g-C3N4, g-C3N4/Fe3O4, and g-C3N4/Fe3O4/MnWO4 (10%) nanocomposites. (b) Nitrogen adsorption-desorption data for the g-C3N4, g-C3N4/Fe3O4, and g-C3N4/Fe3O4/MnWO4 (10%) samples.

Fig. 13. A plausible diagram for separation of electron-hole pairs in the g-C3N4/Fe3O4/MnWO4 nanocomposites.

Fig. 14. Degradation rate constants of RhB over the g-C3N4/Fe3O4/MnWO4 (10%) nanocomposite in presence of various scavengers.

Fig. 15. (a) Degradation rate constants of RhB over the g-C3N4/Fe3O4/MnWO4 (10%) nanocomposite prepared with different refluxing times. (b)-(c) SEM images, and (d) PL spectra for the g-C3N4/Fe3O4/MnWO4 (10%) nanocomposite refluxed for 60 and 240 min.

Fig. 16. (a) Degradation rate constants of RhB over the g-C3N4/Fe3O4/MnWO4 (10%) nanocomposite calcined at different temperatures. (b) PL spectra for the g-C3N4/Fe3O4/MnWO4 (10%) nanocomposite after calcination at 450 and 550 °C for 3 h.

Fig. 17. Reusability of the g-C3N4/Fe3O4/MnWO4 (10%) nanocomposite.

Fig. 18. Degradation rate constants of (a) RhB, (b) MB, (c) MO, and (d) fuchsine over the g-C3N4, g-C3N4/Fe3O4, and g-C3N4/Fe3O4/MnWO4 (10%) samples under visible-light irradiation.

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Novel ternary g-C₃N₄/Fe₃O₄/MnWO₄ nanocomposites: Synthesis, characterization, and visible-light photocatalytic performance for environmental purposes

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