J. Mater. Sci. Technol. ›› 2018, Vol. 34 ›› Issue (1): 39-57.DOI: 10.1016/j.jmst.2017.10.024
Special Issue: High Strength Alloys-2018; FSW-and-FSP-articles 2018; Stainless Steel & High Strength Steel 2018
• Orginal Article • Previous Articles Next Articles
F.C.Liua, Y.Hovanskib, M.P.Milesb, C.D.Sorensena, T.W.Nelsona*()
Received:
2017-06-17
Revised:
2017-07-27
Accepted:
2017-08-06
Online:
2018-01-20
Published:
2018-02-09
Contact:
T.W.Nelson
F.C.Liu, Y.Hovanski, M.P.Miles, C.D.Sorensen, T.W.Nelson. A review of friction stir welding of steels: Tool, material flow, microstructure, and properties[J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2018, 34(1): 39-57.
Fig. 2. Plane view of friction stir welded 304L stainless steel with markers of 1008 steel slices (a) and material flow pattern around the probe during steady state FSW (b) [50].
Fig. 3. Grain structure evolution during FSW of 304L stainless steel: (a) base metal, (b) CPZ, (c) MFZ at leading side, (d) MFZ at retreating side, (e) MFZ at trailing side, (f) forge and torsion zone, (g) annealing zone and (h) schematic of material flow [3].
Fig. 4. Texture evolution during FSW of 304L stainless steel: (a) Schematic of material flow, (b) BM, (c) MFZ at LS, (d) MFZ at RS, (e) MFZ at TS, (f) forge and torsion zone, and (g) annealing zone [3].
Fig. 5. An approach to prior austenite construction in FSW API X80 steel. (a) Original ferrite grains. (b) Combined γ + α〈001〉 pole figure. Four ferrite orientations are highlighted in orange, purple, green and red, and marked by letters that correspond to Figs. 5c-f, respectively. 24 possible prior austenite orientations for orange (c), purple (d), green (e), and red (f) ferrite, respectively. Ferrite orientations are marked by color diamonds. (g) Coinciding prior austenite orientations before averaging. (h) Prior austenite orientation (black) and its 24 ideal ferrite orientations in gray. Coinciding orientations for orange, purple, green, and red ferrite are marked by arrows in Fig. 5c through Fig. 5f. (i) Inverse pole figure map of the reconstructed prior austenite [73].
Fig. 6. Microstructure of friction stir welded API X80. (a) Reconstructed prior austenite map, and (b) orientations of white prior austenite grains were not recoverable due to a low number of active ferrite variants [73].
Fig. 9. FSW of high carbon steel, (a) impact force of base metal and friction stirred steel, (b) TEM image of steel friction stirred at a temperature below A1, (c) TEM image of steel friction stirred at temperatures above A1 [81].
Fig. 10. Hardness maps of FSW high carbon steel (0.95% C) at 100 mm/min and different welding speed: (a) 100 rpm, (b) 200 rpm, (c) 300 rpm, and (d) 400 rpm [82].
Fig. 11. Hardness profile of friction stir welded carbon steel with different percentage of carbon: (a) IF steel, (b) 0.12% C, (c) 0.20% C, (d) 0.35% C, (e) 0.50% C, (f) 0.84% C, (g) pearlite 1.02% C, (h) Microduplex 1.02% C [76,77,79,80,81].
Fig. 13. (a) High magnified TEM images of sigma participles in FSW 304 stainless steel and (b) selected are diffraction patterns (the zone axis is a accordant with [-113]σ) [64].
Fig. 14. Grain structure in the stir zone of 304L stainless steel produced at different parameters: (a) 80 rpm-50 mm/min, (b) 150 rpm-100 mm/min, (c) 150 rpm-50 mm/min, (d) 250 rpm-100 mm/min [96].
Fig. 15. U-bend FSW 304L stainless steel after 1000 h corrosion test: (a) 80 rpm-50 mm/min, (b) 150 rpm-50 mm/min, (c) 150 rpm-100 mm/min, (d) 250 rpm-100 mm/min [96].
Fig. 19. (a) BF-STEM image shows distribution of nanoscale Y-Al-O particles in FSW ODS steel PM 2000 and (b) EDS mapping of an area of interest from an extraction replica sample [126].
Fig. 20. TEM images showing examples of FSW MA956 ODS steel (a)-(b) particle agglomeration and (c) melting; (d) particle size distribution obtained from the TEM images of the base metal and three welding conditions [132].
Diameter (nm) | Number density | ||
---|---|---|---|
Ave. | σ | ||
BM | 8.6 | 5.6 | 6.2 × 1021 |
250 rpm | 12.0 | 9.8 | 5.3 × 1021 |
300 rpm | 10.3 | 6.8 | 3.4 × 1021 |
350 rpm | 17.5 | 9.8 | 2.3 × 1021 |
400 rpm | 11.6 | 8.7 | 3.9 × 1021 |
Table 1 Average diameter and number density of ODS particles [140].
Diameter (nm) | Number density | ||
---|---|---|---|
Ave. | σ | ||
BM | 8.6 | 5.6 | 6.2 × 1021 |
250 rpm | 12.0 | 9.8 | 5.3 × 1021 |
300 rpm | 10.3 | 6.8 | 3.4 × 1021 |
350 rpm | 17.5 | 9.8 | 2.3 × 1021 |
400 rpm | 11.6 | 8.7 | 3.9 × 1021 |
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